The Undergraduate Study Program in Law, Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia (UII) received a visit from the Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta (UMS) regarding internationalization governance on Friday (1/3) in the Erasmus Room, 3rd Floor, UII Faculty of Law Building. The group was received directly by the Dean of the Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Prof. Dr. Budi Agus Riswandi, S.H., M.Hum., who responded positively to this visit. “You have to be unique if UMS friends want to develop an international program, and what you also need to prepare is studying the forms related to international accreditation. “By studying the form, we know what is needed to meet these standards,” he said. “Learning by doing, we are all at Faculty of Law UII have the principle of doing it first, if you don’t do it later, you’re just imagining things. “So, we urge you to immediately execute him after returning from here,” he said.

Present from the Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta included, Andria Luhur Prakoso, S.H., M.Kn. as Head of the Legal Science Study Program, Faculty of Law UMS Undergraduate Program, Fahmi Fairuzzaman, S.H., M.H., L.L.M. Secretary of the Legal Science Study Program, Faculty of Law UMS Undergraduate Program, who is also an alumnus of the UII Faculty of Law, Syaifuddin Zuhdi, S.HI., M.HI. Faculty of Law Quality Assurance Group and UMS Faculty of Law lecturer, Marisa Kurnianingsih, S.H., M.H., M.Kn. as Head of the UMS Legal Science Study Program Lab, and Falah Al Ghozali, S.H., L.LM. lecturer at Faculty of Law UMS. Then from Faculty of Law UII Dr. Aroma Elmina Martha, S.H., M.H. as Secretary of the International Undergraduate Study Program in Law.

This benchmarking visit was not without reason, the leaders of the UII Faculty of Law and the UMS Faculty of Law tried to review various aspects, one of which was the key to success in efforts to obtain international accreditation. Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto, S.H., M.H., LL.M., Ph.D. as Head of Study Program in Law Faculty of Law Universitas Islam Indonesia, gave a presentation regarding the international management of the program at Faculty of Law UII. “Our basic capital is international accreditation, the first from Germany and the second from ASEAN. The existence of this accreditation then makes it easier for us to target foreign universities, whether they are Twinning Programs or Double Degree Programs. In the International Program, we require all learning to be in English, there are foreign students, our practicum courses are consistently in English, our RPS are written in English, the availability of foreign lecturers and facilities such as space for the International Court of Justice.”

The Head of the Undergraduate Study Program in Law UMS, Andria, then closed the visit by expressing his thanks to the Faculty of Law UII who had received him well. “With the Dean’s permission, we can collaborate and offer to realize the MBKM program and collaborate in the International Students Colloquium (ISC). “We will consider following up according to the university’s direction in order to open up opportunities for international development. We need partners for networking so that our students have experience abroad, one of our efforts is with the visiting agenda to Faculty of Law UII.” Obviously closing the conversation. The event then continued with a group photo session and the handover of visiting souvenir plaques.

The existence of the Independent Campus Learning Program (MBKM) also provides an opportunity for UMS to collaborate and establish cooperation with UII so that the benchmarking visit ends with planning for the implementation of activities rather than collaboration between Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia and. Faculty of Law Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta to carry out Student Exchange Curriculum and MBKM Workshop.

Israeli military troops reportedly attacked hundreds of residents of Gaza, Palestine, Thursday (29/2/2024). At least 112 people were reported killed in the attack. The victims were civilians who were queuing and gathering to wait for food aid in northern Gaza. This incident again increased the number of civilian and child casualties.

Responding to this critical condition, The Undergraduate Study Program in Law Faculty of Law (FH) Universitas Islam Indonesia (UII) took the initiative to hold a Public Lecture with the theme “The Role of International Justice for the State of Palestine”. FH UII invited a native Palestinian, Fatma Al Ghussain as Executive Director of the Amna Care Fund, a humanitarian organization that distributes aid to the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian Territory, as a speaker at a Public Lecture held on Monday (4/3) at 13.00 IWT at Audiovisual Room, 4th Floor, Faculty of Law Building Universitas Islam Indonesia.

in her presentation, Fatma stated that Israel has colonized Palestine since 1948 until today. Currently Gaza is in the process of a total siege. “There is no electricity, no water, no food, no medicine, no hospitals, no schools, because they burned down more than 350 schools and 80 hospitals,” he said at the start of the lecture. “This is not a religious conflict, this is very clearly genocide. Israel wants to destroy and eliminate the Palestinian people by any means. “You can even see them destroying churches and killing our brothers who embrace Christianity,” said Fatma.

This event then continued with a discussion and question and answer session moderated by the Undergraduate Study Program in Law Faculty of Law Universitas Islam Indonesia, Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto, S.H., M.H., LL.M., Ph.D. “The UN Security Council is the highest institution to make a decision whether this conflict can be ended or not, but one of the UN Security Councils, namely the United States, always uses its veto so that a resolution against Palestine and Israel is impossible,” he explained in answer to one of the students’ questions. Many countries hold a lot of evidence of crimes committed by Israel, one of which is Indonesia. The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia then fought for Palestinian independence by providing an Advisory Opinion to the International Court of Justice. “As we know, Palestine has become one of the participants in the Ratification of the International Criminal Court, so that is an important asset for them to take this case to a more serious stage,” said the International Law Lecturer at Faculty of

[KALIURANG]; The Doctoral Study Program in Law, Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia held a preliminary examination on Saturday, December 16, 2023, at 13:00 WIB, during which the examinee presented the dissertation proposal, “Reformulation of Policies for Handling Klitih Street Crime in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.”

In his proposal, Made Wira stated that klitih is one of the crime phenomena that is of concern in Jogja, which, in several incidents, has resulted in fatalities. However, until now, there has been no KUHP that specifically defines the term klitih itself. So, it is necessary to search for the true meaning of klitih in order to create policies to deal with the klitih problem, which is increasingly growing in Yogyakarta.

Made Wira’s research will attempt to determine whether klitih is merely uncontrollable child mischief or an organized crime that is causing worries in society. The type of research proposed is empirical (non-doctrinal) legal research with a qualitative descriptive analysis method.

Prof. Dr. M. Syamsudin, the head of the doctoral study program in law, presided over the examination along with promoter Prof. Dr. Rusli Muhammad, S.H., M.H., co-promoter Dr. Aroma Elmina Martha, S.H., M.H., and examiner Prof. Dr. Hartiwiningsih, S.H., M.Hum., Prof. Dr. Marcus Priyo Gunarto, S.H., M.Hum., Prof. Hanafi Amrani, S.H., M.H., LL.M., Ph.D., and Dr. M. Arif Setiawan, S.H., M.Hum.

 

 

 

[KALIURANG]; The Public Defense Examination was held on Saturday, March 2, 2024, at 10:00 WIB. Mardona Siregar, a doctoral candidate, presented her dissertation, “Reconstruction of the Formation of Regional Regulations Concerning Regional Taxes in North Sumatra Province in the Context of Strengthening Regional Autonomy,” at the Doctoral Study Program in Law, Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia (PSHPD FH UII).

According to Promovendus, Mardona Siregar’s research looked at why the North Sumatra Central Government got rid of a lot of regional tax regulations. It also looked at what the regional government and DPRD did to improve the quality of the regional tax regulations in North Sumatra. Finally, it looked at how ideas were rebuilt to make a Regional Regulation on Regional Taxes in North Sumatra that was strict.

The findings of Mardona’s dissertation research first demonstrate that there are three factors that led the central government in North Sumatra to cancel many regional regulations on regional taxes. Second, there are two initiatives by the Regional Government and DPRD to enhance the caliber of the creation of regional tax regulations in North Sumatra. Third, the reconstruction of the concept in the formation of the Regional Regulation on Regional Taxes in North Sumatra to strengthen regional autonomy can be carried out philosophically.

Mardona Siregar’s public defense examination was held in the Mini Auditorium Room on the 4th Floor of FH UII, chaired by the Dean of FH UII, Prof. Dr. Budi Agus Riswandi, S.H., M.Hum., with promoter Prof. Dr. Ni’matul Huda, S.H., M.Hum., and co-promoter Dr. Saifudin, S.H., M.Hum., with examiners: Prof. Dr. Ridwan, S.H., M.Hum., Prof. Dr. Muhammad Fauzan, S.H., M.Hum., Prof. Dr. Winahyu Erwiningsing, S.H., M.Hum., and Prof. Dr. I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani SH, MM., who join online via Zoom.

The Undergraduate Study Program in Law, Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia held a Workshop entitled “Strengthening Academic Supervisor Lecturers (DPA) and DPA Assistants (PDPA) for Undergraduate Study Program in Law and Lecture Preparation for the Even Semester Academic Year 2023/2024” under the theme “Forms of Academic Assistance to Student Victims of Online Loans” in the Auditorium Room on the 4th Floor of the Faculty of Law Building, , Universitas Islam Indonesia on Friday (23/2). This workshop was attended by more than 50 participants including the leaders of Faculty of Law, all DPA and PDPA lecturers.

This event is in collaboration with the Financial Services Authority (OJK) of the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY). The speakers at the workshop included: Rosikho Arliyani (Analyst for Deputy Director of PUJK Supervision, Consumer Protection Education and Strategic Management Services for KOJK DIY); RR. Indah Ria Sulistya Rini, S.Psi., MA., Psychologist (Lecturer at UII Psychology Study Program); Dr. Sri Hastuti Puspitasari, S.H., M.H. (Deputy Dean for Resources, Faculty of Law UII); and Bagya Agung Prabowo, S.H., M.H., Ph.D. (Secretary of the Undergraduate Study Program in Law UII. This event was moderated directly by Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto, S.H., M.H., LL.M., Ph.D. (Head of Undergraduate Study In Law, Faculty of Law UII).

“This activity is a very good thing to carry out to mark the beginning of the lectures which we will start on Monday, because problems related to student affairs have increased since the existence of online loans, such as the number of students who are trapped in loans. The development of social media accelerates these various problems to become more complicated and interrelated and makes the lecturer’s task increasingly difficult. “I hope that the Student Assistant Lecturers will work together to avoid things that are currently rampant, including moral as well as economic problems,” said Drs. Agus Triyanta, M.A., M.H., Ph.D. as Deputy Dean for Religious Affairs, Student Affairs and Alumni, Faculty of Law UII in his speech.

On his occasion, Bagya Agung Prabowo, S.H., M.H., Ph.D. explains the preparations for the 2023/2024 Even lectures. According to him, lecturers need to pay attention to dates and deadlines in academic activity plans and fulfill their teaching duties more fully. “I hope this semester will be better than last semester.” he said.

In another session, Dr. Sri Hastuti Puspitasari, S.H., M.H. delivered material entitled UII Policy for Students Who Have Problems with Study Fees. He explained what the components of study costs at UII are, one of which is the amount of the Catur Dharma fee that must be paid by students according to UII Chancellor’s Regulation No. 35 of 2022. According to the Deputy Dean of Resources, Faculty of Law UII, the financial problems experienced by students vary, from parents’ businesses not running smoothly, parents passing away so there is no one to pay for college, and not enough financial support from single parents. parents. “Ethical violations were found, such as inflating requests for money from parents, not paying tuition fees, and even making online loans,” he added. Apart from dispensation, other solutions include providing scholarships for high achievers, raising donations and cash waqf programs. he said.

Rosikho Arliyani as Analyst, Deputy Director of PUJK Supervision, Consumer Protection Education and Strategic Management Services at KOJK DIY in his presentation explained the OJK’s position in responding to online loans. He mentioned the classification of legal loans and illegal loans and procedures for identifying their legality through the OJK call center, how to recognize the characteristics of online loans, and steps if caught in an illegal loan,

Then, the last speaker was RR. Indah Ria Sulistya Rini, S.Psi., MA., Psychologist conveyed the preventive and curative efforts that lecturers can provide to their students in psychological treatment, the roles that can be carried out by supervisors and counselors, and the duties of supervisors so that they can embrace and provide a sense of security to the students under their guidance. “The students we greet by saying hello and asking how they are are already feeling the outpouring of attention from us.” she said.

The Head of Undergraduate Study Program in Law then delivered conclusions and a short message to all Student Supervising Lecturers so that they could maximize guidance to students by utilizing Google Classroom media or WhatsApp groups with the hope of reducing academic problems faced by students in order to support the accuracy of students’ study periods. “Hopefully the even semester lectures for the 2023/2024 academic year can run smoothly,” he said while closing the workshop.

The Undergraduate Study Program in Law, Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia is again holding an IISMA (Indonesian International Student Mobility Awards) Program Socialization activity on Tuesday, 6 February 2024 at 15.00 WIB via Online Zoom and broadcast live via YouTube. Apart from socialization related to the IISMA 2024 program which was officially opened on January 23 2024, the Undergraduate Study Program in Law also held a Sharing Session with 2 students who qualified for the IISMA program in 2023, namely Muhammad Rifqi Abiyyu (Co-Funding IISMA – Warsaw University) and Dhiva Athalla Mazaya Yuva (IISMA Co-Funding – Lancaster University). This socialization, which was carried out online via Zoom, was part of the IISMA Socialization and Mentoring activities for students Undergraduate Study Program in Law, so it is hoped that more and more students at Faculty of Law Universitas Islam Indonesia will be interested and take part in the IISMA 2024 program. 

The Head of Undergraduate Study Program in Law at the Faculty of Law, Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto, S.H., M.H., LL.M., Ph.D., in his socialization explained that “IISMA is part of the “Independent Campus” program initiated by the Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture and LPDP (Education Fund Management Institution). “So that every student has the opportunity to study for one semester at leading universities throughout the world, apart from that, they can also study other fields of study to gain competence in preparing for global competition.” Apart from that, he also provided a lot of important information related to the requirements for registering with IISMA and the benefits that can be obtained when joining the IISMA program. He also ensured that every student who had successfully joined IISMA could convert courses into courses at the Faculty of Law Universitas Islam Indonesia.

This activity ran smoothly and was attended by more than 50 students from the Undergraduate Study Program in Law, who actively answered and asked questions during the event. The resource person for this activity was the Head of the Undergraduate Study Program in Law at the Faculty of Law, Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto, S.H., M.H., LL.M., Ph.D., with the theme “IISMA Socialization and Mentoring”. Currently there are students of Undergraduate Study Program in Law at the Faculty of Law who have registered for IISMA with campus details as follows: Yale University (New Haven, United States of America), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. (Santiago, Chile), University of Limerick (Ireland), Maastricht University (Maastricht, Netherlands), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona, Spain), University of Southampton (Southampton, United Kingdom), Arizona State University (Tempe, Arizona, USA) , Belarusian State University (Minsk, Belarus), University of Pecs (Pecs, Hungary), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Spain), University of Birmingham (Birmingham, UK), Osaka University (Osaka, Japan), Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin (Berlin , Germany), Sapienza University of Rome (Rome, Italy), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Bangi, Malaysia), Keio University (Tokyo, Japan), University of Pennsylvania (United States of America), University of Sussex (United Kingdom), University of Warsaw (Poland), Hanyang University (Seoul, South Korea).

On Wednesday, February 21 2024, a collaboration was held between the Law Study Program of the UII Faculty of Law Undergraduate Program and the University of North Sumatra Undergraduate Law Study Program. “We are very grateful to the Dean of the Faculty of Law and the delegation who attended and visited the Faculty of Law, University of North Sumatra. We see that the collaboration built between the two Law Faculties is very well established even without a written collaboration document. There are actually many things that are already underway, such as assistance for international accreditation, and benchmarking for curriculum review purposes, especially in USU’s Law Masters and FH Doctoral Programs. Currently, there are also MBKM Student Exchange students. “We hope that this collaboration can give rise to many other activities such as Collaborative Research, Publications and Community Service.” That was the welcoming speech from the Dean of the Faculty of Law, University of North Sumatra, Dr. Mahmud Siregar, SH, MHum.

“We are very grateful for the extraordinary welcome from the Faculty of Law, University of North Sumatra. At the same time, we also wish a Happy Birthday to the Faculty of Law, University of North Sumatra, hopefully it will continue to develop and be given success in educating the nation’s children. We also at the UII Faculty of Law are encouraging and developing internationalization programs. The four study programs have received FIBAA international accreditation. And currently we also have a very significant number of foreign lecturers and foreign students to support the internationalization program. “Our international partnerships are also very good and strategic and perhaps in the future they can be developed and collaborated.” said the Dean of the UII Faculty of Law, Prof. Dr. Budi Agus Riswandi, SH, Mhum. during the opening speech.

Currently, in connection with the Independent Campus Program, the MBKM Student Exchange Program has been implemented in which two students from the Law Study Program, Undergraduate Program at the Faculty of Law, UII, namely Mutiara Sabila Hamdani (with student number 22410670) and Rizkha Aura Eka Sari (with student number 22410635). “Our two students from the Undergraduate Law Study Program succeeded in qualifying to take part in the MBKM Student Exchange Program from the Ministry of Education and Culture. And currently the two students will study for approximately one semester in the Undergraduate Law Study Program with the USU Faculty of Law. “And one of the prerequisites for implementing this program is the existence of partnership cooperation for the implementation of Student Exchange MBKM. It is hoped that this collaboration will later become a legal umbrella for implementing independent campuses not only today but also in the future.” Explained the Head of the Law Study Program, Faculty of Law UII , Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto, SH, MH, LLM, PhD.

The event was held for approximately 3 hours with discussion time provided to explore many additional collaborations that could be collaborated between the two Faculties. For example, discussions regarding plans to jointly organize the International Student Colloquium at UII and joint publications.

On Friday, February 16, 2024, a Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia and Indonesia Corruption Watch in Jakarta. “This collaboration is part of the implementation of the MBKM or Independent Campus Program, especially related to Internship. Apart from that, there are many other areas that can be implemented as part of the implementation of this collaboration, such as Teaching Practitioners so that issues related to anti-corruption will be increasingly being discussed to the Faculty of Law UII academic community. The Faculty of Law UII has also maintained the value of integrity as a basic educational value. This value is in line with the vision and work carried out by ICW.” as explained from the Dean of the Faculty of Law UII, Prof. Dr. Budi Agus Riswandi, SH, MH.

“We are very happy that there are campuses that want to collaborate with ICW. This collaboration will further strengthen the work carried out by ICW as an anti-corruption institution. Apart from internships, students can also take part in anti-corruption school activities to instill an understanding and importance of integrity. Apart from that, it is also hoped that this will be part of increasing anti-corruption activism among students.” That was the explanation from the Director of ICW, Agus Sunaryanto.

Collaboration between the Faculty of Law UII and ICW will be carried out starting with the opening of the MBKM Legal Practice program where there will be students from the Faculty of Law UII Undergraduate Law Study Program who will be sent for an internship of approximately 1 (one) semester at ICW Jakarta. The MBKM Legal Practice Program will be opened in the Even Semester of the 2023/2024 Academic Year in the Undergraduate Law Study Program. Along with the Dean, the Head of Undergraduate Study Program in Law, Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto, PhD and Ari Wibowo, SH, SHI, MH also attend to the signing ceremony.

“The decreasing of food agricultural land in Sleman Regency by the time has the potential to hamper government policies related to the protection of sustainable food agricultural land.”

[KALIURANG]; The Doctoral Study Program of Law, Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia, held the public defense examination at the FH UII Auditorium on (27/01). Promovendus, Samun Ismaya succeeded in obtaining a doctorate by defending his dissertation with the title “Legal Protection of Sustainable Food Farming Land in Sleman Regency Based on Regional Regulation No. 6 of 2020 About Protection of Sustainable Food Farming Land”.

In his dissertation, Samun Ismaya studied and analyzed Sleman Regency Regional Regulation No. 6 of 2020 concerning the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land to find the cause of the lack of implementation of this regional Regulation in terms of implementing legal protection of sustainable food agricultural land. Promovendus also reviewed and analyzed the institutional structure in Sleman Regency Regional Regulation No. 6 of 2020 concerning the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land to find answers about why the Regulation is not being implemented.

The results of Samun Ismaya’s dissertation stated at least two things: first, the legal substance of Sleman Regency Regional Regulation No. 6 of 2020 concerning the Protection of Sustainable Food Farming Land has not met the aspect of legal certainty, especially the aspect of juridical enforceability, that there is an indication about juridical defect in the Regional Regulation, namely non-compliance with the principle of assistance/medebewind duties. Second, the unclear division of authority to organize the protection of sustainable food agriculture land between the Sleman Regency Regional Government, the Yogyakarta Special Region Provincial Government, and the Central Government resulted from uncertainty in using the assistance/medebewind principle.

On this occasion, the public defense examination session was chaired by the Dean of FH UII, Prof. Dr. Budi Agus Riswandi, S.H., M.Hum., with members consisting of Promoter, Prof. Dr. Nurhasan Ismail, S.H., M.Sc., Co-Promoter, Mukmin Zakie, S.H., M.H., Ph.D., Prof. Dr. Achmad Sodiki, S.H., Prof. Dr. Sudjito, S.H., M.Si., Prof. Dr. Ni’matul Huda, S.H., M.Hum., and Prof. Dr. Ridwan, S.H., M. Hum.

After presenting his dissertation and answering questions the board of examiners asked, Samun Ismaya was successfully appointed as a Doctor of Law. He officially holds the 171st doctoral degree with a structured learning system at PSHPD FH UII. At the end of the session, the Promoter, Prof. Dr. Nurhasan Ismail, S.H., M.Sc., congratulated him and advised him to continue developing himself.

 

“To realize the General Principles of Good Government, the term ex-criminal corruption must be stated firmly and independently in the decision of the Constitutional Court. Apart from that, the technical regulations also need to be perfected, such as KPU Regulation Number 10 of 2003 concerning disclosing the identity of ex-corruption convicts and the Election Law concerning the prohibition of money politics in terms of time, object, and criminal sanctions.”

[KALIURANG]; The Doctoral Study Program of Law, Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia, held the public defense examination in the Auditorium Room of the UII Faculty of Law on (27/01). Promovenda, Nurwigati, S.H., M.Hum succeeded in obtaining a doctorate by defending his dissertation entitled “Reconstruction of the Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia Regarding the Political Rights of Ex-Corruption Convicts in the Legislative and Executive General Elections.”

Nurwigati’s dissertation aims to describe and analyze the dynamics of statutory regulations and Constitutional Court (MK) decisions in limiting the political rights of ex-corruption convicts as a requirement to take part in legislative and executive elections according to the aspects of democracy and human rights and justice according to the Pancasila law and Islamic values. It is hoped that the output of this research can be a construction of the Constitutional Court’s decisions and construction of technical regulations relating to legislative and executive elections. So that people’s representatives and leaders who can carry out the General Principles of Good Government (AUPB) can be born.

On this occasion, the public defense examination session was chaired by the Dean of FH UII, Prof. Dr. Budi Agus Riswandi, S.H., M.Hum., with members consisting of Promoter, Prof. Dr. Achmad Sodiki, S.H., Co-Promoter, Prof. Dr. Ridwan, S.H., M.Hum., Prof. Dr. Muhammad Fauzan, S.H., M.H., Prof. Dr. I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani, S.H., M.M., Prof. Dr. Ni’matul Huda, S.H., M.Hum., and Dr. Sri Hastuti Puspitasari, S.H., M.H.

After presenting her dissertation and answering questions the board of examiners asked, Nurwigati was successfully appointed as a Doctor of Law. Dr. Nurwigati, S.H., M.Hum. officially holds the 170th doctoral degree with a structured learning system at PSHPD FH UII.

At the end of the session, the Promoter, Prof. Dr. Achmad Sodiki, S.H., congratulated her on her new doctoral degree and told her to continue studying and practicing her knowledge to be useful to others.