Author: M. Syafi’ie, S.H., M.H.

Lecturer in Faculty of Law,  Universitas Islam Indonesia, Departement of Constitutional Law

 

Di awal tahun, tidak ada salahnya kita mengingat kasus pelanggaran HAM tahun lalu. Setidaknya kasus-kasus yang ada akan memperingatkan pemangku kebijakan agar tidak mengulangi kesalahan di tahun ini. Di hari HAM 2018, Kontras merilis peristiwa pelanggaran HAM yang cukup mengagetkan. Kasus pelanggaran HAM di sektor sumber daya alam (umum) mencapai 194 kasus, okupasi lahan mencapai 65 kasus, kriminalisasi 29 kasus, penembakan atas nama terorisme 15 kasus, penangkapan atas nama terorisme 99 kasus, vonis hukuman mati 21 kasus, penyiksaan (umum) 73 kasus, extrajudicial killing 182 kasus, pelanggaran aksi 32 kasus, pembubaran paksa 75 kasus, pelanggaran di sektor kebebasan beragama dan berkeyakinan 78 kasus, pelarangan aktifitas 28 kasus, intimidasi minoritas 19 kasus, dan persekusi 35 kasus.

Data pemantauan yang dihimpun Kontras memperlihatkan betapa pelanggaran HAM tahun 2018 terbilang sangat besar dan didominasi konflik sumber daya alam dan exstra judicial killing. Pertanyaannya, mengapa peristiwa pelanggaran HAM tersebut masih terjadi? Apakah di Indonesia sedang devisit norma terkait dengan HAM, atau yang bermasalah ialah hilangnya tanggungjawab negara terhadap semangat perlindungan, penghormatan dan pemenuhan HAM?

Terkait dengan norma hukum yang menjamin HAM, pasca jatuhnya rezim Orde Baru norma-norma hukum HAM telah banyak yang disahkan. Kovenan dan sebagian besar konvensi internasional telah diratifikasi lewat perundang-undangan. Norma hukum HAM yang dibuat pemerintah sendiri juga banyak yang telah disahkan. Bahkan UUD 1945 telah menjamin penghormatan dan perlindungan HAM dalam bab yang tersendiri. Walau pun ada beberapa catatan terhadap pengaturan norma hukum HAM, negara Indonesia terbilang cukup maju dalam memproduksi aturan yang menjamin hak asasi manusia.

Letak persoalan suburnya kasus pelanggaran HAM tahun lalu lebih tepat akibat dari lemahnya semangat penyelenggara negara, utamanya ‘aparat keamanan’ dalam menjunjung tinggi prinsip-prinsip HAM dalam menjalankan tugas dan tanggungjawabnya. Seperti kasus kriminalisasi dan okupasi lahan dalam kasus konflik sumber daya alam yang memperlihatkan betapa pemerintah dan aparat keamanan tidak cukup jelas bagaimana prinsip dan standar HAM mesti diutamakan dalam menyelesaikan persoalan. Penembakan, penangkapan, penyiksaan dan extrajudicial killing memperlihatkan betapa aparat kemanan masih mengutamakan pendekatan ‘represif’ dibanding dengan cara persuasi dan penegakan hukum yang fair. Sedangkan kasus intimidasi monoritas, persekusi dan pelarangan aktivitas ibadah memperlihatkan betapa aparat keamanan dan pemerintah cenderung abai dalam menjamin hak atas rasa aman setiap warga negara yang ada di negara bangsa ini.

Iluastrasi Beberapa Kasus

Konfllik sumber daya alam tahun lalu dan beberapa masih berlangsung saat ini antara lain terjadi di Tumpang Pitu, kasus Tambang Emas di Simpang Tonang, Pembangunan Waduk Sepat, Pembangunan Panas Bumi di Gunung Talang, konflik Serat Rayon di Sukoharjo dan konflik pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) di Indramayu. Dari konflik yang terjadi, setidaknya 29 kasus yang di proses di pengadilan dan ironisnya aktivis lingkungan yang sebagian besar warga pemilik lahan ditetapkan sebagai pelaku kriminal. Bahkan, kriminalisasi tidak hanya menimpa aktivis lingkungan dan warga, tetapi menimpa para ahli yang berpendapat sesuai dengan kepakaran ilmunya. Ahli yang terancam hukum ialah Guru Besar Kehutanan Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB) Bambang Hero Suharjo yang digugat atas atas kasus kebakaran hutan dan lahan di area PT JJP. Kasus serupa menimpa Basuki Basis, seorang ahli lingkungan hidup IPB yang digugat karena kesaksiannya dalam kasus yang ditangani KPK terkait kerusakan lingkungan karena pemberian idzin salah satu usaha pertambangan.

Kasus pelanggaran HAM di sektor sumber daya alam lain terjadi Yogyakarta, yakni okupasi tanah dengan dasar kepentingan umum dalam pembangunan Bandara New Yogyakarta International Airport (NYIA). Demi memperlancar pembangunan bandara, pihak pengembang dan pemerintah melakukan penggusuran paksa dan mengabaikan standar pembangunan yang berbasis HAM. Pengosongan lahan warga dilakukan dengan cara-cara paksa dan tidak menghormati warga yang telah lama tinggal di lokasi. Komnas HAM menyebut pengosongan lahan warga tidak didasarkan pada semangat kemanusiaan dan melanggar terhadap norma-norma HAM yang telah menjadi hukum di Indonesia. Kasus yang okupasi lahan yang serupa juga terjadi di Desa Sidodadi Serdang dan Kota Binjai, di mana lahannya dialihfungsikan menjadi perkebunan tebu yang selanjutnya akan diolah perusahaan.

Di sektor hak sipil politik, kasus extrajudicial killing dengan cara tembak tempat ternyata massif terjadi. Kontras menemukan setidaknya terdapat 236 orang meninggal. Kasus ini ditengarai akibat pernyataan Kapolri yang memerintahkan kepada jajarannya agar bertindak tegas dan melakukan tembak mati kepada jambret, begal dan pengedar narkoba. Di lapangan, pernyataan Kapolri ternyata salah diterjemahkan dan berakibat banyaknya kasus pembunuhan di luar hukum. Banyak orang terbunuh tanpa proses hukum yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan.

Butuh Kemauan Pemegang Kekuasaan

Kasus pelanggaran HAM yang menjadi catatan menahun dan belum ada progresifitasnya sampai awal tahun ini adalah terkait penyelesaian kasus pelanggaran HAM berat masa lalu. Pemerintah lewat Menko Polhukum Wiranto pernah berinisiatif membentuk Tim Gabungan Terpadu dan mengadakan pertemuan dengan keluarga korban pada 31 Mei 2018 di Istana Negara. Namun demikian, dalam pertemuan tersebut terkonfirmasi ketidakmauan pemerintah untuk menyelesaikan kasus pelanggaran HAM berat masa lalu lewat jalur pengadilan dan muncul rencana yang semata non hukum, yaitu penyelesaian lewat rekonsililasi. Dalam perjalanannya, inisiatif ini tidak mengalami perkembangan dan tidak ada kemauan yang kuat untuk menyelesaikan kasus dan memulihkan hak-hak korban dan keluarganya.

Kasus pelanggaran HAM berat masa lalu dan beberapa kasus pelanggaran HAM lain berkelindan dengan besarnya informasi hoax dan berita-berita buruk yang secara langsung dan tidak langsung memperkuat stigma, persekusi, ujaran kebencian dan dorongan untuk menghancurkan kelompok-kelompok yang minoritas. Kriminalisasi atas nama pencemaran nama baik seperti yang diatur dalam KUHP dan pelanggaran terhadap Undang-Undang ITE juga semakin tidak terkendali arah penegakannya.

Di awal tahun ini, problem perlindungan dan penghormatan hak asasi manusia masih menjadi persoalan serius di negara ini. Butuh politicall will pemegang kekuasaan untuk memperbaiki keadaan dan menjadikan standar HAM sebagai basis setiap kebijakan dan implementasi program pembangunan. Termasuk kemauan pemerintah untuk menyelesaikan pelanggaran berat HAM masa. Tanpa itu, pemerintah pusat atau pun daerah akan selalu tercatat sebagai pelanggar HAM dari ke tahun.

This article have been published in SINDO newspaper, 10 January 2019.

English Course for supporting staff at the Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia for Batch 2 and Batch 3 has started. “We want all the supporting staff have capability to speak English. This is a good program to increase our human resource. As well as we also to prepare to be world class university, then we must start to be familiar with English as soon as possible.” explained the Dean of the Faculty of Law at the opening speech, Dr. Abdul Jamil, S.H., M.H.

The English Course contains dynamic material to increase the level of English to be used in office especially in providing the academic services. The material is specifically designed to be learned in around 14 meetings. The lecturer of the English Course is a native speaker from the United States, Christopher Cason, J.D.

“Our supporting staff are actually understand the basic communication in English. But now their English level must be increased. We do hope that this programme is routinely be held at our campus especially for all the supporting staff.” said Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto, SH, MH, LLM, PhD as the Chief of the English Course Committee.

 

Applications for the 2019 International Law Fellowship Programme are currently being accepted. The deadline for applications is 20 February 2019.

Introduction

The United Nations International Law Fellowship Programme is organized by the Codification Division of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs.

Objectives
The Fellowship Programme provides high-quality training by prominent international law scholars and practitioners on a broad range of core topics of international law. In addition, the interactive nature of the training allows the participants to share experiences and exchange ideas, which promotes greater understanding and cooperation on contemporary issues of international law.

The Fellowship Programme is intended to enable qualified professionals, in particular government officials and teachers of international law from developing countries and countries with emerging economies, to deepen their knowledge of international law and of the legal work of the United Nations.

The Fellowship Programme accommodates up to 21 participants.

The Programme
The Fellowship Programme consists of an annual six-week summer course at the Peace Palace in The Hague, the Netherlands. The participants attend lectures and seminars in international law organized by the Codification Division as well as the public international law session at The Hague Academy of International Law.

The lectures and seminars organized by the Codification Division are given by prominent international law scholars and practitioners from different regions and legal systems.

The Fellowship Programme is conducted in English or French. The 2019 Programme will be conducted in English.

Background
The United Nations International Law Fellowship Programme is conducted under the United Nations Programme of Assistance in the Teaching, Study, Dissemination and Wider Appreciation of International Law, established by General Assembly resolution 2099 (XX) of 20 December 1965 and most recently mandated by General Assembly resolution 73/201 of 20 December 2018.

2019 Fellowship Programme

The 2019 Fellowship Programme will be held at the Peace Palace in The Hague, the Netherlands, from 1 July to 9 August 2019. It will be conducted in English.

The topics that will be covered in the seminars and lectures organized by the Codification Division may include:

International law
Treaty law
State responsibility
International peace and security
Peaceful settlement of international disputes
Diplomatic and consular law
International organizations
United Nations institutions and law making
The work of the International Law Commission
International human rights law
International humanitarian law
International criminal law
International environmental law
Law of the sea
International trade law
International investment law
Legal research
Legislative drafting
For further information on the topics covered by the public international law session at The Hague Academy, see the website of the Academy.

More information and the application system, click here.

 

Prof. Dr. Sefriani, S.H., M. Hum. inaugurated as Professor of International Law at the UII Senate Open Session, at the Auditorium Prof. Dr. Abdulkahar Mudzakkir, Saturday (1/12). Prof. Sefriani delivered a scientific speech entitled Earthing and Utilizing International Law: the BIT model for Indonesia.

In her speech, Prof. Sefriani said that the international legal product that should receive extra attention and provide benefits for all Indonesian people is the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT).

According to her, so far it has been realized that BIT is an asymmetrical agreement, not balanced in regulating rights and obligations between capital exporting countries which are generally developed countries with capital importing countries which are generally developing and underdeveloped countries. Both of these groups have different interests.

Prof. explained Sefriani, for exporting countries capital BIT is a protective instrument of all risks as well as political and legal uncertainty in the importing country. Therefore the classic BIT always contains the investor protection clause complete with a dispute settlement mechanism which is commonly referred to as the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS). Where foreign investors can directly bring the case to the arbitration panel.

“This panel has the authority to decide the loss that must be paid by the host if it finds a violation of the protection clause guaranteed by the BIT,” said Prof. Sefriani who is the 16th Professor at UII.

She added, as for the capital importing country, the existence of BIT is an instrument to attract investment in her country. Dependence on foreign investment makes the capital importing countries including Indonesia.

In her speech, Sefriani conveyed several recommendations for the Indonesian BIT model. First Protection of investment and liberalization must not sacrifice the interests of the state in making policies in the public interest. Second, the new BIT should guarantee the absence of a denial of justice for investors.

Furthermore, the third, the new BIT should revise the definitions of terms such as investment, Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET), expropriation that has been provided with a very open and open opportunity to be interpreted very broadly. Fourth, the new BIT should contain the obligation clause of foreign investors, not just the obligations of Indonesia as the host.

“Fifth, the dispute resolution mechanism in the new BIT should with certain conditions such as consent in writing and must be carried out through a separate agreement (SWA). Sixth, the possibility of establishing a new Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) in addition to the International Settlement Investment Dispute (ICSID) and UNCITRAL, ” she explained.

Prof. Sefriani said, as acknowledged by the Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM), was one of the causes of the Indonesia-foreign investor dispute at the ISDS forum because of a lack of understanding of the obligations arising from BIT in various executive, legislative and judicial elements at the central and regional levels.

Therefore, it is very important to ground international law on this beloved Indonesia, so that Indonesia can use international law for foreign parties for the benefit of Indonesia. “It’s not the time for Indonesia to only be an object, where foreign parties use international law for Indonesia for their interests,” said Prof. Sefriani.

On Thursday, January 10, 2019 a presentation session was held by two students from Murdoch University who took 1 semester of study at the International Program of the Faculty of Law, Islamic University of Indonesia. The two students were named Anjaly Tessa Saji and Anna Ding. In addition to attending lectures for 1 semester, they also took part in an internship program at the Yogyakarta Legal Aid Institute office (LBH Yogyakarta). Legal problems that occur in Indonesia, especially in Yogyakarta, make them interested in being involved and seeing directly in the process of seeking justice. At the end of their internship period, they presented their research on internship report with different themes for each student.

In her research, Anjaly gave her attention to cases of domestic and sexual violence that occurred in Indonesia. The majority of victims of this case are women, the WHO (World Health Organization) notes that serious emotional trauma, permanent mental impairment, physical impairments and even death are the effects of domestic and sexual violence. “Religious values and cultural norms play a key role in upholding gender disparity which in turn promotes gender based violence such as domestic and sexual violence”, said anjaly.

Apart Anjaly, Anna Ding, took the title of research on Becak Motor in Yogyakarta: Policy and Legal Sustainability. As a cultural icon in Yogyakarta, Becak Montor (Bentor) plays a big role in turning the economic wheel for Bentor drivers. But in addition to the uniqueness possessed by the bentor and the great benefits that the driver gets from tourists visiting Yogyakarta, bentor has several problems in the field of law, especially those relating to regulations. In her presentation, she explained that “the primary argument against Becak Motor surrounds their use of a motorized engine, causing it to be illegal transportation, yet a replacement electric vehicle is still in a prototype form and not economically feasible in widespread production.”

It is hoped that the involvement of the two students in the 3 month internship program at LBH can provide new knowledge and additional insights related to policy and legal issues that occur in Indonesia.

Our law school students once again made achievements. Muhammad Yanuar Sodiq who was a delegate from FKPH LEM FH UII won 2nd place in the National Level Essay Competition in the Marvelaw Unnes Competition 2018 competition. The competition was organized by the Semarang State University Student Executive Body (UNNES) on 12-14 November 2018 in order Anniversary of UNNES.

Yanuar said that “the paper he created is a form of ideas to ratify the international labor organization (ILO) convention and the formation of domestic workers’ unions, the aim of which is that the current labor law has not maximally provided protection for domestic workers. This is because the labor law still focuses on protection for industrial workers simply because it needs to ratify the international labor organization convention which is more efficiently carried out than revising the labor law which is not even at the discussion stage. With the realization of this idea, it is expected that domestic workers can be given maximum protection such as adequate rest periods and a fair payment mechanism. “

There are several obstacles and difficulties experienced by Yanuar in the preparation process of this competition such as the lack of time because at that time it coincided with other competition agendas. However, this difficulty was accompanied by the enthusiasm and ease provided by the supervisors and other friends that did not dampen Yanuar’s enthusiasm for achievement.

“A big thank you to Syarif Nurhidayat as a supervisor, to FKPH, especially the competition department, who from the beginning provided assistance so that I focused on preparing the material, to the FKPH alumni brother who gave a lot of solutions and ideas, to the campus that provided facilities room and accommodation accommodations, as well as all friends who have prayed for and encouraged. This competition is a special prize for FKPH at the end of the management of this period, “said Yanuar.

Yanuar advised “our studentsto be able to achieve more and not only get 2nd place for the next competition, never despair, keep on sharpening their minds, if there are written ideas, because it is one of our efforts to educate the nation’s life by providing solutions to problems faced by this nation and hopefully FKPH will be more prosperous. “

Since 1975, CSEAS has had an established visiting scholarship program to promote research activities in and on the region by distinguished scholars. To date, over 350 – many of them leading researchers in their respective fields- have availed themselves of the Center’s considerable scholarly resources to engage in path breaking, multidisciplinary research and develop comparative, historical, and global perspectives on Southeast Asia.

CSEAS hosts scholars and researchers who work on comparative and regional issues from a multi-area perspective, and are interested in spending time in Kyoto, Japan to conduct research, write, or pursue other scholarly interests in connection with their field of study. With considerable scholarly resources, CSEAS also offers the invigorating atmosphere of scenic Kyoto, the ancient capital of Japan and the main repository of the country’s cultural treasures, to enable researchers to pursue their interests in Southeast Asian area studies.

The Center’s multi-disciplinary character and the diverse research interests of our faculty offer visiting research scholars an ideal opportunity for the exchange of ideas, collaboration, and the cultivation of comparative perspectives.

Fourteen fellowships are awarded annually on a competitive basis. Fellowships are between a period of three to six-months.

Applicants are not limited to scholars: CSEAS has hosted government officials, journalists, public intellectuals, librarians, NGO workers, IT specialists, and other professionals on short-term visits.

While in Kyoto, we encourage scholars to participate in CSEAS conferences, seminars, and workshops and submit articles to the Center’s flagship journal Southeast Asian Studies, The Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia, and the CSEAS Newsletter. Fellows are expected to reside in Kyoto for the duration of their fellowship and deliver a public lecture during their term. We also encourage fellows to consider submitting manuscripts to one of our book series.

Successful applicants will receive an appropriate stipend to cover international travel and living expenses in Kyoto and research funds will be provided to facilitate work. Funds will also be allocated for domestic travel, subject to government regulations. Visiting Research Scholars are considered as employees of Kyoto University and are therefore subject to some of the University’s regulations.

Fellowship Slots and Periods

Seven fellowships, including one librarian position, will become available on the following dates:

  • 1) September 1, 2019
  • 2) October 1, 2019
  • 3) January 8, 2020
  • 4) January 16, 2020
  • 5) March 1, 2020

Eligibility

Applicants must be productive scholars of high reputation under 65 years of age at the time of the fellowship appointment; those over 65 may be considered only if they are outstanding. This fellowship is not available to individuals currently pursuing graduate degrees or post-doctoral studies. Only experienced librarians are eligible to apply for the library position. Scholars who have previously held CSEAS fellowships must wait six years after the completion of their fellowships before reapplying.

Application Procedure

Applicants must submit their applications via our online form. Online applications must have the following documents attached separately.

Please send the files in PDF format by E-mail ([email protected])

  • b) A curriculum vitae (must not exceed 5 pages and must include a list of all major publications)
  • c) A research plan for the fellowship term (Please write a concise overview of your research project for your stay at CSEAS within 2 pages. Please download and use this form. Please use double space and include paragraph descriptions.)
  • d) Two Recommendation Letters (Applicants must also contact their respective referees and request them to send their letters of recommendations to CSEAS via email. The letter should be written in their institution’s letterhead.)

Application Deadline

Applications for the 2019 fellowships must reach us no later than February 28, 2019. We regret that we cannot entertain individual queries or follow-ups about the results of selection by email, fax, or telephone. Applicants will be notified of their application status by the end of May 2019.

On 5th of January 2019, the Central of Education and Legal Training Centre organized a specific workshop with the topic of “A Review of the Internship Program of the Faculty of Law, UII”. The workshop held at Grand Inna Malioboro Hotel with the full-day meeting.

“We understand well that our internship program must be reviewed since we started this program for the first time at this semester. We do hope that this meeting could propose major revision on our model.” said the Dean of the Faculty of Law UII at the opening speech.

Dr. Budi Agus Riswandhi, SH, MHum as the Head of the Study Program elaborated the ideal model of the internship program. “But this ideal model takes time to adopt at our current program. As the priority, we must have new course specification and syllabus as the based documents of the program. The guidebook for students must also be specifically based on the specific legal profession. The most important thing is that all those elaborations must be based on the currently expected learning outcomes” explained Head of the Studi Program Faculty of Law UII.

“Previously, we conducted a field study to Faculty of Law Universitas Negeri Sebelas Maret and Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Those two law schools have been opening the internship program for more than 5 (five) years. We can also use their good practices as a reference to our internship model.” explained Nurjihad, SH, MH as the chair of the second session.

The workshop was ended with the result of three important draft documents: syllabus, course specification, and marking guideline. The draft would be legalized by the study programme and being used as the new guideline of the internship program.

All academics, practitioners, lawyers, and government officials around the world are invited to submit a proposal.

Conference Theme: Global Governance at a Critical Moment: Insights from Asia
The year 2019 will mark a century since the signing of the Covenant of the League of Nations. In the wake of the two world wars, people pledged to establish conditions under which justice and respect for international law can be maintained.
International organizations and institutions, including treaty and non-treaty bodies as well as administrative and judicial bodies, have since been developed in the pursuit of peace and prosperity. They range from universal organizations, such as the United Nations, to regional ones, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Their respective mandates extend over a wide range of areas such as security, environment, human rights, economy, and dispute settlement. They have been lauded as contributing to global governance, of which Asia has been both a beneficiary and a promoter.
Today, distrust of international organizations and institutions is spreading among people. They are being criticized for not only failing to properly address the concerns of the international community but also undermining its essential values. The demand for the restructuring of global governance is growing. Amid the rise of populism, global governance stands at a crossroads of demise or resurrection. The objective of the Conference is to look back at the history of global governance and look ahead to its future.

Proposals for papers are welcome in all areas of international law, including:
・theory and history of international law
・international organizations and other systems and institutions
・international dispute settlement, including international courts and tribunals
・security
・international humanitarian law
・international environmental and energy law
・law of the sea
・international commercial law
・international trade and investment law
・international human rights law

Submission Details
Proposals must be sent to [email protected] by 31 January 2019.
Submission must include the following:
1. An abstract of an unpublished paper (The abstract must be no more than 500 words, including the title.)
2. The proposal author’s CV of no more than 2 pages (The CV must include the author’s contact details and a list of relevant publications. It should also indicate whether the author is a member of the Japan Chapter of the Asian Society of International Law and/or the Asian Society of International Law.)
*The abstract and the CV must be in English and in a single PDF file.

Review of Proposals
Proposals will be reviewed by the Research and Planning Committee of the Japan Chapter of the Asian Society of International Law. The authors of accepted proposals will be notified by early March 2019.

Full Papers
The authors of accepted proposals must submit a full paper by 30 June 2019. The paper must not be published elsewhere. The paper will be made available to the participants of the Conference.

Registration Fees and Expenses
All speakers and panelists are exempt from registration fees for the Conference. Please note that the registration fees do not include lunch and reception. All participants, including the speakers and panelists, must be able to cover their own travel and accommodation expenses.

Best Paper Award
The Best Paper Award is awarded to a speaker who presents the best paper at the Conference. The awarded speaker will receive a grant of JPY50,000.

Language
The working language of the Conference is English. A few sessions in Japanese may be conducted concurrently.

Inquiries
For inquiries about the Conference, please contact [email protected]

Author: M. Syafi’ie, S.H., M.H.

Lecturer in Faculty of Law,  Universitas Islam Indonesia, Departement of Constitutional Law

 

Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU) hampir pasti menolak keberatan salah satu partai dan beberapa orang yang mempertanyakan atas masuknya orang dengan gangguan jiwa (ODGJ) dalam daftar pemilih tetap (DPT). KPU menyatakan memiliki landasan yang kuat untuk memasukkan ODGJ dalam daftar pemilih. Namun, ada persyaratan tambahan yang harus dilengkapi ODGJ ketika mau memilih, yaitu harus memiliki surat keterangan sehat dari dokter.

Respon penulis terhadap KPU ada dua, pertama, apresiasi karena lembaga ini telah menghormati hak politik dan kewarganegaraan ODGJ, yang di dalam UU No. 8 Tahun 2016 tentang Penyandang Disabilitas telah dimasukkan sebagai bagian dari difabel mental. Kedua, persyaratan surat sehat dari dokter sebagai bagian pemenuhan hak pilih difabel mental perlu didiskusikan lebih jauh. Persyaratan sehat jasmani dan rohani bagi difabel sudah lama menjadi momok menakutkan, dalam praktek persyaratan ini berdampak pada diskriminasi dan penghilangan hak-hak difabel.

Terkait dengan hak pilih difabel –dalam hal ini salah satunya ODGJ– secara spesifik hak ini telah dijamin dalam Undang-Undang yang secara spesifik mengatur hak-hak difabel. Dalam Pasal 13 UU No. 8 Tahun 2016 dinyatakan bahwa hak politik bagi difabel diantaranya adalah hak memilih dan dipilih dalam jabatan; memilih partai politk dan/atau individu yang menjadi peserta dalam pemilihan umum; berperan serta aktif dalam sistem pemilihan umum pada semua tahap dan/atau bagian penyelenggaraannya; memperoleh akesibilitas sarana prasarana penyelenggaraan pemilihan umum, pemilihan gubernur, bupati/walikota, dan pemilihan kepala desa atau nama lain; dan memperoleh pendidikan politik.

Begitu pentingnya hak politik bagi difabel, maka Pasal 75 ayat (1) dan (2) Undang-Undang ini memandatkan kewajiban kepada pemerintah pusat dan daerah untuk menjamin agar difabel dapat berpatitisipasi secara efektif dan penuh dalam kehidupan politik, dan menjamin hak dan kesempatan difabel untuk memilih dan dipilih. Pemerintah pusat dan daerah yang dalam hal ini tanggungjawabnya dijalankan oleh KPU dan KPUD agar memperhatikan keragaman disabilitas dan memastikan prosedur, fasilitas dan alat bantu pemilihan bersifat layak, dapat diakses, mudah dipahami dan dapat digunakan oleh difabel.

Norma hukum yang secara khusus juga menjamin hak pilih difabel adalah UU No. 19 Tahun 2011 tentang 2011 tentang Pengesahan Konvensi Hak-hak Penyandang Disabilitas. Pasal 29 Konvensi ini menegaskan bahwa negara harus menjamin hak politik difabel dan memastikan difabel menikmati hak-hak tersebut atas dasar kesetaraan dengan orang-orang lain. Karena itu negara wajib menjamin prosedur, fasilitas, dan materi yang memadai, dapat diakses, mudah dipahami dan digunakan. Termasuk adalah jaminan untuk untuk memilih secara rahasia.

Pernah Menjadi Polemik

Hak pilih ODGJ pernah ditiadakan secara hukum pada tahun 2015. Peniadaan secara struktural ini kemudian dikasuskan di Mahkamah Konstitusi. Pada waktu itu, Perhimpunan Jiwa Sehat yang dipimpin Jenny Rosanna Damayanti, Pusat Pemilihan Umum Akses Penyandang Cacat (PPUA PENCA) yang dipimpin Arini, dan Perkumpulan Untuk Pemilu dan Demokrasi (PERLUDEM) yang dipimpin Titi Anggraini melakukan judicial review pasal 57 ayat (3) huruf a UU No. 8 Tahun 2015 tentang Perubahan Atas UU No. 1 Tahun 2015 Tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemilihan Gubernur, Bupati dan Walikota.

Pasal 57 ayat (3) huruf a menyatakan bahwa salah satu persyaratan warga negara Indonesia yang bisa didaftar sebagai pemilih adalah orang yang sedang “tidak terganggu jiwa/ingatannya”. Ketentuan ini oleh para pemohon dinilai berpotensi menghilangkan hak seorang warga negara untuk terdaftar sebagai pemlih dan memberikan suaranya dalam penyelenggaraan pemilihan. Pasal ini dinilai merugikan hak konstitusional yang telah dijamin pada Pasal 27 ayat (1) UUD 1945 yang menyatakan bahwa segala warga negara bersamaan kedudukannya dalam hukum dan pemerintahan, dan Pasal 28 D ayat (1) UUD 1945 yang menyatakan bahwa setiap orang berhak atas pengakuan, jaminan, perlindungan, dan kepastian hukum yang adil serta perlakuan yang sama di hadapan hukum.

Setelah dilakukan pemeriksaan permohonan dan alat bukti diantaranya mendengarkan keterangan saksi, mendengarkan keterangan ahli dan keterangan para pihak, Mahkamah Konstitusi lewat Putusan Nomor 135/PUU-XIII/2015 menyatakan mengabulkan permohonan untuk sebagian. Pasal 57 ayat (3) huruf a dinyatakan bertentangan dengan UUD 1945 sepanjang frasa “terganggu jiwa/ingatannya” tidak dimaknai sebagai “mengalami gangguan jiwa dan/atau gangguan ingatan permanen yang menurut bidang kesehatan jiwa telah menghilangkan kemampuan seseorang untuk memilih dalam pemilihan umum”

Membaca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi yang kita kenal sebagai pelindung konstitusi (the guardian of constitution), pengawal dan pelindung hak-hak konstitusional warga negara maka kita akan mengerti bahwa ODGJ tidak bisa digeneralisasi dan tidak semua ODGJ tidak memiliki hak pilih. Keputusan Mahkamah Konstitusi menyatakan bahwa pada prinsipnya ODGJ memiliki hak pilih sepanjang ‘gangguan jiwa atau ingatan’ tidak permanen. Keputusan Mahkamah Konsitusi ini didasarkan pada pendapat professional di bidang kesehatan bahwa hilangnya ingatan atau gangguan jiwa yang permanen bisa dimaknai juga menghilangkan kemampuan seseorang untuk memilih dalam pemilihan umum.

Merujuk pada putusan Mahkamah Konsitutusi, maka sudah selayaknya KPU-KPUD memikirkan bagaimana cara mengidentifikasi permanen atau tidaknya seorang ODGJ dan bagaimana cara yang tepat memfasilitasi hak pilih difabel ODGJ. Terkait hal ini, sudah selayaknya KPU-KPUD mengajak diskusi aktifis dan pendamping difabel mental yang ada di Indonesia. Tujuan besarnya adalah menampung bagaimana cara mengenali difabel mental yang ternyata tidak tunggal, belajar bagaimana cara yang tepat untuk berinteraksi, dan terpenting menelaah bagaimana model fasilitasi yang harus dipersiapkan oleh para petugas pemilihan umum. Hal ini penting agar tidak terjadi diskriminasi berulang-ulang kepada difabel mental yang diberikan hak pilihnya.

Pada sisi yang lain, analisis normatif hak pilih difabel dan tinjauan putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi di atas memberikan pesan agar tidak ada lagi pihak yang mempertanyakan hak pilih difabel ODGJ. Sama dengan manusia pada umumnya, ODGJ juga memiliki hak pilih. Lebih jauh, hak ini merupakan sarana bagi komunitas difabel mental untuk memperbaiki nasib mereka dengan memilih pemimpin yang memikirkan hak-hak mereka yang tercerabut. Selama ini, keberadaan mereka disingkirkan dalam pikiran dan wacana publik, dan tidak pernah diperhatikan dengan serius oleh pemangku kebijakan, sehingga banyak di antara mereka harus menjadi korban kekerasan di jalanan, diperkosa oleh orang-orang tidak bertanggungjawab, dan dipermainkan dalam dalam beberapa momen kekerasan. Pertanyaannya, betulkah hak pilih akan menjawab problem dan hak-hak kaum ODGJ? Belum tentu. Tapi hak ini adalah sarana awal pengakuan eksistensi kaum paling marginal di negeri ini.

This article have been published in SINDO newspaper.