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PERLINDUNGAN PEKERJA PEREMPUAN MASA PANDEMI DALAM PERSPEKTIF CEDAW

“Fakta bahwa Indonesia telah meratifikasi Convention on the Elimination of All Form of Discrimination Againts Women (CEDAW) seolah terlupakan. Yang mana hal tersebut dapat dilihat dalam pemberian upah minimum regional (UMR) yang digunakan sebagai  standar adalah buruh laki-laki dengan hitungan hidup lajang yang memiliki kebutuhan berbeda dengan buruh/pekerja perempuan.”

Keterlibatan perempuan dalam dunia kerja merupakan suatu bentuk partisipasi dalam pembangunan nasional. Perkembangan industrialisasi memberikan suatu kesempatan bagi perempuan untuk bisa menjadi bagian dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidup. Namun nasib pekerja perempuan sangat bergantung dengan kepedulian negara. Tidak menutup kemungkinan masih saja terdapat kontroversi yang terjadi seperti diskriminasi pekerja perempuan dalam hal pemberian upah, cuti haid dan melahirkan, serta pelanggaran terhadap hak-hak lainnya.

Dalam praktiknya, masih terdapat keluh kesah dari para pekerja terutama pekerja perempuan. Keluhan tersebut salah diantaranya yaitu adanya diskriminasi pengupahan untuk pekerjaan yang sama dan untuk waktu yang sama.  Fakta bahwa Indonesia telah meratifikasi Convention on the Elimination of All Form of Discrimination Againts Women (CEDAW) seolah terlupakan. Yang mana hal tersebut dapat dilihat dalam pemberian upah minimum regional (UMR) yang digunakan sebagai standar adalah buruh laki-laki dengan hitungan hidup lajang yang memiliki kebutuhan berbeda dengan buruh/pekerja perempuan. Setiap perempuan mempunyai hak khusus yang harus dipenuhi dan dilindungi oleh undang-undang akan tetapi pada praktiknya pula banyak problematika yang terjadi pada pekerja perempuan, salah satunya pekerja perempuan yang sedang mengalami haid tetap bekerja seperti biasanya tanpa adanya gangguan apa pun, tetapi jika keadaan fisiknya tidak memungkinkan sehingga pekerjaan tidak menjadi persoalan, hal demikian tertuang dalam Pasal 18 ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan “Pekerja/buruh wanita yang dalam masa haid merasakan sakit dan memberitahukan kepada pengusaha, tidak wajib bekerja pada hari pertama dan kedua pada waktu haid.”

Tanggung Jawab Negara

Dalam dinamika ketenagakerjaan selalu ada perselisihan antara pekerja dan pemberi kerja dimana perselisihan ini terjadi salah diantaranya adanya diskriminasi yang diterima oleh pekerja baik diskriminasi upah maupun hakhak pekerja lainnya. Negara seharusnya menjadi penjamin atas pemenuhan hak setiap pekerja terutama pekerja perempuan. Bahkan dalam masa pandemi negara harus lebih memperhatikan agar hak setiap pekerja tetap terpenuhi, akan tetapi justru dalam keadaan pandemi seperti ini menjadi kesempatan beberapa perusahaan untuk memutuskan hubungan kerja dengan dalih Force Majure padahal perusahaan tetap beroperasi seperti biasanya. Undang-undang Ketenagakerjaan merupakan solusi dari adanya perselisihan antar pekerja dan pemberi kerja dimana hal ini terdapat dalam Pasal 67 sampai Pasal 101 meliputi perlindungan buruh penyandang cacat, anak, perempuan, waktu kerja, keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja, pengupahan dan kesejahteraan.

Pasal 1 ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia menyebutkan bahwasanya setiap orang, baik pria maupun wanita, dalam melakukan pekerjaan yang sepadan dengan martabat kemanusiaannya berhak atas upah yang adil sesuai dengan prestasinya dan menjamin kelangsungan hidup keluarganya. Sesuai dengan ketentuan pasal a quo memberikan implikasi bahwa perempuan mempunyai hak atas pekerjaan dan  perlindungan pekerjaan serta kelangsungan hidup keluarganya. Sebagaimana esensi dari adanya Undang-undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan yaitu memberikan kesejahteraan pada setiap pekerja/buruh agar dapat menjamin kemajuan dunia usaha Indonesia.

Pasal 11 Convention on the Elimination of All Form of Discrimination Againts Women (CEDAW) tentang Hak-hak Politik Perempuan terdapat hak khusus perempuan dimana dalam Pasal 4 menjelaskan tentang affimative action yaitu diskriminasi positif bagi perempuan.

Sedangkan dalam Pasal 11 menjelaskan tentang kewajiban negara untuk meniadakan adanya diskriminasi perempuan di tempat kerja. Dengan demikian dapat menjadi suatu tameng bagi para pekerja perempuan untuk tetap mendapatkan hak-haknya.

Pada masa pandemi, sudah seharusnya negara lebih memperhatikan segala aspek terkait dengan mekani sme peker jaan. Peker ja perempuan harus benar-benar mendapatkan hak-haknya sebagaimana mestinya. Salah satunya yaitu perusahaan/tempat kerja memberikan penyediaan layanan antar jemput bagi pekerja perempuan sebagaimana tertuang dalam Pasal 76 Undang-undang No. 13 tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan. Kendati demikian pekerja perempuan pada kenyataannya terutama buruh urban sering kali tidak mendapatkan angkutan umum bilamana ia pulang bekerja.

Dengan demikian melihat pada faktanya perlindungan pekerja perempuan masih menjadi persoalan, terlebih di masa pandemi yang justru para pekerja perempuan kehilangan hak-haknya. Oleh karena itu negara melalui pemerintah harus lebih memperhatikan terhadap perlindungan pekerja perempuan agar tidak adanya diskriminasi pekerja perempuan dan tetap para perempuan dapat berkontribusi terhadap pemulihan ekonomi di masa pandemi Covid-19.

Author: Andre Bagus saputra (Student Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia)

This article has been published in the rubric Opini, Hukum Laut Internasional LEGALTALK, Buletin Hukum, Vol. 2 No. 7, 2021, September 2021.

 

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PATEN DI ERA PANDEMI COVID 19

Author: Prof. Dr. Budi Agus Riswandi, S.H., M.Hum.

Professor of Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Departement of Private Law

Tanpa terasa waktu penyebaran virus covid 19 sudah berjalan hampir 2 tahun lebih di bumi pertiwi. Dalam kurun waktu ini angka kematian akibat virus covid 19 di Indonesia terus bertambah. Data terakhir dari covid19.go.id per 04 Agustus 2021 angka positif sebanyak 4.123.617 orang, angka sembuh sebanyak 3.827.449 orang, dan angka kematian sebanyak 135.469. Untuk dapat menekan persoalan ini, maka pemerintah dan masyarakat terus berupaya mengambil langkah-langkah preventif agar penyebaran virus covid 19 dapat dikendalikan dan angka kematian dapat ditekan.

Sejalan dengan hal ini, tidak dapat dipungkiri peran ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi tidak dapat dielakkan dari penanganan virus covid 19. Adapun peran ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi ini dibuktikan dengan banyaknya berbagai inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan yang memiliki kegunaan dalam mencegah penyebaran virus covid 19. Dari mulai ditemukannya vaksin covid 19 hingga alat kesehatan seperti masker dan sanitizer pun tidak luput dari sentuhan inovasi di bidang ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, khususnya inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan.

Dengan adanya berbagai inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan ini, ada dua pertanyaan mendasar yang menarik untuk dikemukakan dalam konteks ini, yaitu; (1). apakah berbagai inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan yang berguna untuk mencegah virus covid 19 layak untuk dimintakan paten di era pandemi covid 19 ini?; dan (2). apakah dengan dimintakannya paten atas berbagai inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan yang berguna untuk mencegah virus covid 19 tidak akan menghambat upaya pemerintah dan masyarakat dalam melakukan pencegahan virus covid 19?

Pro Kontra Paten di Era Pandemi Covid 19
Sebagaimana diketahui, paten secara konseptual dipahami sebagai hak hukum. Oleh karena, paten merupakan hak hukum, maka paten mendasarkan diri pada konsep hak. Hak di dalam hukum merupakan sesuatu yang dapat dituntut pemenuhannya, tetapi apabila hak tersebut tidak dituntut, maka hak tersebut pemenuhannya dilepaskan. Selanjutnya, paten sebagai hak hukum juga merupakan hak eksklusif yang diberikan atas invensi di bidang teknologi (baca: inovasi di bidang teknologi). Paten sebagai hak eksklusif yang diberikan atas invensi di bidang teknologi mengadung arti dalam tiga hal, yaitu (1). hak untuk menggunakan sendiri hak tersebut yang melekat pada invensi di bidang teknologi; (2). Hak untuk mengizinkan atau mengalihkan hak tersebut yang melekat pada invensi di bidang teknologi kepada orang lain; dan (3). Hak untuk melarang orang lain menggunakan hak tersebut yang melekat pada invensi di bidang teknologi. Atas dasar hal ini, maka penggunaan hak eksklusif atas invensi di bidang teknologi ini harus benar-benar sejalan dengan pengakuan dan penghormatan dari si pemilik hak (baca: pemegang paten) tersebut serta peraturan perundang-undangan dalam bidang paten yang berlaku.

Di era pandemi covid 19, realitas masyarakat dalam mensikapi paten ini telah melahirkan pro dan kontra. Dari kelompok masyarakat yang pro berpandangan bahwa paten di era pandemi covid 19 merupakan hal penting dalam konteks inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan saat ini. Adapun alasannya, hal ini dapat mencegah timbulnya produk-produk palsu dari pelanggaran paten. Sementara itu dari kelompok masyarakat yang kontra berpandangan bahwa paten di era pandemi covid 19 merupakan hal yang tidak diperlukan dalam konteks inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan. Adapun alasannya, hal ini dikhawatirkan akan menghambat bagi upaya memanfaatkan hasil inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan untuk upaya pencegahan virus covid 19.

Paten dan Pencegahan Virus Covid 19
Dengan banyak inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan yang berguna untuk mencegah virus covid 19 dihasilkan, maka pada dasarnya inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan ini dapat saja dimintakan patennya kepada negara atau dapat juga dilepaskan untuk tidak dimintakan patennya kepada negara. Dua tindakan ini dibenarkan, karena UU No. 13 Tahun 2016 tentang Paten (selanjutnya disebut UU Paten) pada kenyataannya memang tidak pernah mengatur bahwa meminta paten kepada negara merupakan suatu kewajiban hukum bagi inovator, tetapi justru didudukkan sebagai suatu hak bagi inovator.

Ketika inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan dimintakan patennya kepada negara oleh inovator, maka inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan yang berguna untuk mencegah virus covid 19 harusnya dapat diberikan paten–apabila memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan dalam UU Paten. Pada saat paten itu diberikan oleh negara, maka pada saat itulah inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan yang berguna untuk mencegah virus covid 19 memuat hak eksklusif. Hal ini berlaku sebaliknya apabila inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan yang berguna untuk mencegah virus covid 19 tidak dimintakan patennya kepada negara oleh inovator, maka inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan yang berguna untuk mencegah virus covid 19 tidak akan memuat hak eksklusif.

Dalam konteks melekatnya paten sebagai hak eksklusif pada inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan yang berguna untuk mencegah virus covid 19, maka hal ini tidaklah akan menghambat bagi upaya pemanfaatan inovasi tersebut guna mencegah virus covid 19. Adapun argumentasinya ada tiga, yaitu: Pertama, dengan paten yang melekat pada inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan yang berguna untuk mencegah virus covid 19, maka bisa saja pemegang paten tersebut memberikan izin kepada beberapa perusahaan teknologi kesehatan untuk memproduksi inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan yang berguna untuk mencegah virus covid 19 tanpa harus berlaku komersial, semisal melepaskan hak royalty dari paten atas inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan yang berguna untuk mencegah virus covid 19. Hal ini tentunya, akan terjadi apabila si pemegang paten benar-benar memiliki rasa kemanusiaan yang tinggi atas pandemi covid 19. Hal ini telah terjadi terkait penggunaan paten vaksin AstraZeneca, di mana pemegang patennya melepaskan hak royalti.

Kedua, apabila si pemegang paten tidak memiliki rasa kemanusiaan yang tinggi atas pandemi covid 19 dan cenderung ingin mengambil keuntungan ekonomi yang tinggi dari situasi pandemi covid 19, maka pemanfaatan paten ini masih akan dapat dilakukan dengan cara menerapkan kelonggaran (fleksibilitas) yang tertuang di dalam UU Paten di antaranya melalui lisensi wajib dan pelaksanaan paten oleh pemerintah. Hal ini biasanya dilakukan karena adanya kepentingan masyarakat yang sangat mendesak atau penggunaan paten oleh pemegangnya yang dapat merugikan kepentingan masyarakat secara luas. Sehingga dalam konteks ini, negara ikut campur tangan melalui UU Paten terkait dengan pemanfaatan paten di mana kepentingan masyarakat menjadi hal yang harus diutamakan daripada kepentingan pemegang paten itu sendiri. Ketiga, dengan adanya paten sebagai hak eksklusif atas inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan yang berguna untuk mencegah virus covid 19, maka hal ini, di satu sisi dapat menjamin hadirnya produk asli yang akan efektif dalam mencegah penyebaran virus covid 19; dan di sisi lain dapat meminimalisir penyebaran produk-produk palsu yang bisa jadi justru akan memperburuk penyebaran virus covid 19.

Berdasarkan pada uraian di atas, maka dapat dikemukakan bahwa ketika ada inovator menghasilkan inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan yang berguna untuk mencegah virus covid 19 dan selanjutnya inovator tersebut mendaftarkan paten kepada negara, dan patennya diperoleh, maka dapat dipastikan paten yang diperoleh tersebut tidaklah akan menghambat upaya pemerintah maupun masyarakat dalam melakukan pencegahan virus covid-19. Bahkan, dengan diperolehnya paten atas inovasi di bidang teknologi kesehatan yang berguna untuk mencegah virus covid 19 justru dapat dijadikan sarana efektif guna melakukan upaya pencegahan virus covid 19 di bumi pertiwi ini. Wallahu’alam bis Shawab.

Tulisan ini telah dimuat dalam narasidesa.com, 09 September 2021.

 

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Student Release of International Mobility Program 2021

On this day, Tuesday (07/09/2021) has been implemented successfully the 2021 International Mobility Program Student Release event by the Faculty of Law of the Islamic University of Indonesia (FH UII). The event was attended by the Dean of the Faculty of Law, Dr. Abdul Jamil, S.H., M.H., Deputy Dean for Resources, Hanafi Amrani, S.H., M.H., LL.M., Ph.D., Secretary of the Department of The Faculty of Law, Islamic University of Indonesia, Bagya Agung Prabowo, S.H., M.Hum., Ph.D., Chairperson of the Undergraduate Law Study Program, Prof. Dr. Budi Agus Riswandi, S.H., M.Hum., Secretary of the Undergraduate Program Legal Studies Program, Ari Wibowo, S.H., S.H.I., M.Hum., Secretary of the International Program Legal Studies Program, Dodik Setiawan, S.H., M.H., LL.M., Ph.D. directly at the Faculty of Law of the Islamic University of Indonesia. The release event began with the opening conducted by the  Master of Ceremony  (MC) and continued the speech and report by the Head of the 2021 International Mobility Program Team, Dodik Setiawan, S.H., M.H., LL.M., Ph.D. In his speech, he said that the student delegation that followed the program had been equipped with any applications used in the learning process in the intended country.

Then the delegation representatives delivered a farewell welcome represented by Aryana Sekar Widyaningsih. As for some of the names of delegates in the International Mobility Program 2021, which is divided into 3 (three) destinations; 1) Akhiruddin Syahputra Lubis, Aryana Sekar Widyaningsih, and Egita Fira Widya who will carry out credit transfer programs at Youngsan University South Korea; 2) Annisa Aulya Putri who will carry out the IISMA Program at the University of Sussex, UK; 3) Mohammad Fadel Roihan Baabud who will carry out the IISMA Program at the University of Warsaw, Poland. The release of the delegates was carried out by the Dean of the Faculty of Law, Dr. Abdul Jamil, S.H., M.H. said that in addition to parents, the delegates are very proud for us and the Faculty of Law UII.

After the welcome by the Dean of the Faculty of Law UII, continued the delivery of the education kit of the Dean of the Faculty of Law and accompanied by the Deputy Dean of Resources and Secretary of the Department of The Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia, as well as a healthy kit  submitted by the Head of the Undergraduate Program’s Legal Studies Program which will be accompanied by each Secretary of the Study Program and received by 2 (two) student representatives. The  2021 International Mobility Program Student Release Event was finally concluded with a prayer that was prayed together and led by the Secretary of the Department of the Faculty of Law of the Islamic University of Indonesia, Bagya Agung Prabowo, S.H., M.Hum., Ph.D.

By : Tazkia Nasution

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Webinar Afganistan Press Release by JCI

The last few weeks, the world has been shocked by the actions of the Taliban who have managed to control and seize power in Afghanistan on Sunday, August 15, 2021. The armed group spread throughout the capital and entered the presidential palace. To strengthen public confidence in the Taliban group, the Taliban promised to run a different government from the Taliban in the past, because the Taliban in the past was famous for various cases of massacres of civilians and limiting the role of women and was famous for the slogan Islam Huwa al-Hall (Islam is the solution). The Taliban vowed to create social order and solve corruption cases in a country torn apart by civil war and pledged to protect human and women’s rights while ensuring that life will return to normal.

Due to this issue, the Juridical Council of International (JCI) Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia successfully held a General Lecture by the theme “Illegal Return of Power by the Taliban According to The Enforcement of Human Rights for Women in Afghanistan”, on Thursday (02/09/2021). Presenting Dr. Suparman Marzuki, S.H., M.Sc. as a speaker who presented about: 1) women’s rights under the future Taliban government and whether these rights conflict with existing women’s human rights as regulated in the United Nations; 2) examples of the government’s actions to uphold human rights for women in Afghanistan; 3) provide his personal views related to the path or solution that can be taken from the point of view of being a fellow human being.

The General Lecture was opened by Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto, S.H., M.H., LLM., Ph.D., as the Secretary of the International Undergraduate Study Program in Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia. After the opening, it was continued with the delivery of material moderated by Salza Farikah Aquina, a student of the International Law Study Program, Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia. The implementation of this General Lecture lasts approximately 2 (two) hours and is attended by participants which is open to the public. This General Lecture was very interesting because there were 46 participants and 8 people asked questions. Some of the questioners asked about how to save women from the violence committed in Afghanistan, in addition there were also those who asked about our responsibility as Indonesian citizens to help with this problem, and what the responsibility of the state that perpetrated violence against women was.

by : Tazkia Nasution.

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Keep Achievement Even Though the Pandemic

Back to more achievements, two students Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia won the national competition. At events Forum Pemberdayaan Kreatifitas dan Keilmuan Mahasiswa Justitia which is held by Faculy of Law, Universitas Mataram. Our students to win two championships at once, namely  of Best Paper and became the second winner in the Scientific Writing Competition. The title of the paper is Penangguhan Paten terhadap Vaksin Ditinjau dari Implementasi Aspek Fleksibilitas Paten Nasional Guna Mewujudkan Era Bebas Pandemi.

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Anak Yatim Piatu Korban Pandemi

Author: Umar Haris Sanjaya, S.H., M.H.

Lecturer in Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Departement of Private Law

 

Berbagai media pemerhati anak ramai memberitakan kondisi anak kehilangan keluarga dengan menjadi yatim atau piatu atau yatim piatu akibat meninggalnya orang tua karena Covid. Di yogyakarta sendiri kasus anak kehilangan orang tua akibat Covid terdapat 142 anak (info@kemsos), belum termasuk terhadap ibu hamil yang meninggal akibat covid. Kondisi ini tentunya belum akan berhenti mengingat situasi pendemi yang belum berakhir setidaknya harapan itu ada setelah seluruh stake holder sudah mendapatkan vaksinasi dari pemerintah.

Anak yang kehilangan kedua orang tuanya ataupun salah satu orangtuanya itu menjadi tanggung jawab siapa dalam pemenuhan kehidupan sehari-hari ? secara hukum seorang anak manusia terikat oleh kerabat kedua orangtuanya, hal ini dikenal dengan istilah hukum kekerabatan. Sehingga kerabat si anak secara sadar turut terikat untuk membantu mengurus keluarga kerabatnya tersebut yang kehilangan orang tuanya. Untuk kerabat yang bersedia mengasuh maka dapat dimintakan penetapan perwalian terhadap anak yatim piatu sehingga keberlangsungan hidup si anak dapat berjalan dengan baik dalam perwalian kerabat dari orangtuanya. Bila seorang anak hanya ditinggalkan salah satu orang tuanya, maka tanggung jawab pemenuhan kebutuhan akan diberikan kepada orang tua yang masih hidup baik ayah atau ibunya. Apakah ada peran kerabat dari kedua orang tua si anak ? kerabat orang tua dapat turut berperan dengan memberikan perhatian kepada si anak, terutama kerabat orang tua yang meninggal. Masyarakat yang mengetahui itupun berhak untuk melaporkan pihak yang berwajib bahwa anak yang kehilangan kedua orang tua masih memiliki kerabat, sehingga anak akan dikembalikan kepada kerabat tersebut.

Di Indonesia menganut tiga (3) sistem kekerabataan dalam aliran keluarga termasuk pula tanggung jawabnya seperti : patrilineal, matrilineal, dan parental. Terhadap sistem patrilineal dan matrilineal tanggung jawab ini kembali kepada sistem kekerabatan yang dianut, maka tanggung jawabnya bisa kepada salah satu kerabat orang tua saja baik ayahnya saja atau ibunya saja. Untuk sistem parental, maka tanggung jawab ini akan jatuh kepada masih-masing kerabat dari kedua orang tua sehingga salah satu keluarga yang menganut sistem parental, maka kerabat orang tua juga terikat untuk mengasuh dan membesarkan anak. Untuk itu, peran kerabat orang tua dapat dimaksimalkan dalam mengasuh anak yang kehilangan orangtuanya. Sistem parental ini merupakan sistem kekerabatan yang sudah mulai digunakan oleh masyarakat Indonesia dimana garis tanggung jawab dapat berasal dari kerabat kedua orang tua baik secara hak dan tanggung jawab. Upaya pemerintah bersama masyarakat ditingkat RT dan RW dapat mendata dan mencari tahu kerabat-kerabat orang tua dari anak yang yatim piatu untuk ikut berperan tumbuh kembang anak.

Kerabat dari orang tua tentu tidak dimintai tanggung jawab penuh dengan melihat latar belakang ekonominya. Setidaknya mereka turut berperan dalam pertanggungan jawab anak dalam konteks hubungan kekerabatan, jangan sampai anak kehilangan orang tua itu merasa sendiri dan akhirnya menjadi sebatang kara. Kerabat dari ayah sang anak bersama-sama kerabat dari ibu sang anak diharapkan turut berperan untuk ikut mensejahterakan anak, hubungan keterikatan inilah yang dimaksud dengan hukum kekerabatan dimana seseorang terikat akan tanggung jawab dengan orang lain karena ia terikat hubungan hukum kekerabatan. Tidak mungkin seseorang yang tidak ada hubungan kekerabatan ikut bertanggung jawab terhadap kesejahteraan anak, melainkan dengan kepastian hubungan kekerabatan maka mereka terikat. Ini merupakan konsep dari hubungan keluarga. Jangan sampai anak yang kehilangan orang tua justru ditinggalkan untuk hidup sendiri dan mencari kesejahteraannnya sendiri.

Salah satu peran yang dapat dilakukan oleh pemerintah dan masyarakat adalah membantu untuk menghubungkan anak yang kehilangan kedua orang tua dengan kerabat yang masih dimiliki si anak, menginventarisir anak-anak yatim piatu agar dapat diasuh oleh kerabat terdekat terlebih dahulu karena memang secara hukum, kerabat adalah pihak yang paling berhak mengasuh anak dari kerabatnya. Apabila itu tidak memungkinkan maka pemerintah dapat melakukan melalui dinas sosial untuk mengasuh anak yang telah ditelantarkan karena tidak ada kerabat yang hendak mengasuh.

This article have been published in rubric OPINI of Kedaulatan Rakyat Newspaper, 21 August 2021.

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Patent Law and Transfer of Technology

The Indonesian government has implemented the replacement of Law No. 14 of 2001 concerning Patent to become Law no. 13 of 2016 on Patents since one year ago. The substitution of this law is an effort of a preference approach to the National interests of Indonesia without violating international principles. From this replacement of this law, the Law no. 13 of 2016 focus on the regulation in a way how Indonesia can be more real in implementing technology transfer activities among parties within the country including foreign parties and domestic and vice versa. With the transfer of technology, it is expected thatthe acceleration of the nation’s competitiveness can be realized soon.

 

Transfer of Technology Policy in Indonesia

 

Indonesia is a country that currently has not optimally encouraged the development of technology towards the improvement of the mastery and utilization of technology. This in turn has an impact on Indonesia’s weak competitiveness. This can be seen from the 2017 Global Innovation Index report. Indonesia’s innovation ranking is in position 87 of 127 countries. In ASEAN region, Indonesia’s position is far below Malaysia which is in position 37 and Vietnam at rank 47. Based on Global Competitiveness Index data from World Economic Forum 2016-2017, Indonesia ranked 41st from 138 countries with pillar of innovation ranked 31, in subpillar innovation capacity Indonesia ranked 32nd, while in subpillar of high-tech government spending Indonesia ranked 12th, and the Indonesia rank for international patent subpillar was 99th.

 

From the data above, shows the development of Indonesian technology has not shown the encouraging condition. As for many causes, for instanse, the matter on transfer of technology policy in Indonesia has not real and progressive. Some policies have been used as a legal basis to encourage transfer of technology, such as; the Law no. 25 Year 2007 regarding Investment and the Law no. 18 of 2002 on National System of Research, Development and Application of Science and Technology. In Article 10 paragraph (4) of Law no. 25 Year 2007 states: “Investment companies employing foreign workers are required to conduct training and transfer of technology to Indonesian citizens in accordance with the provisions of applicable legislation.” Furthermore, in Article 16 paragraph (1) of Law no. 18 Year 2002 states: Universities and R & D institutions shall seek the transfer of intellectual property technology and the results of research and development activities, fully or partially funded by the government and / or local governments to enterprises, governments or the public to the extent not incompatible with public order and regulation.”

 

Looking at the two policies mentioned above, the government actually has a “political will” to require the implementation of transfer of technology in order to encourage the parties to master the technology either from abroad or domestic. However, those transfer of technology policiesapparantly have two weaknesses; First, the notion of technology in transfer of technology tends to have unclear meaning and seems to cover broad meaning. Therefore, the meaning of technology can be interpreted obsolete technology, current or certain period of time. Supposed the meaning of technology is interpreted as obsolete technology, thusit will be very detrimental to the National interests of the Indonesian. The Indonesian nation, therefore, will not be able to realize its competitiveness through the role of technology; and Secondly, although the transfer of technology policiescover the legal obligation, it turns out that the legal obligation is not followed by sanction or it can be said as “toothless tiger”. When the parties are expected to do transfer technology, but the fact they ignore it, it seems the policies have lack of legal enforcement. This is likely to create “not-serious condition” in implementation of transfer of technology policies for the parties who mastered the technology in Indonesia.

 

Patent Law: The Breakthrough for Transfer of Technology Policy

Recognizing that transfer of technology policy in Indonesia has not been able to encourage the process of control and use of technology, therefore the government of Indonesia took another breakthroughin 2016, by accommodatingthe transfer of technology policy in Law no. 13 of 2016 on Patents. The provision of Article 20 and Article 132 of Law no. 13 Year 2016 are a proof of a very progressive breakthrough in driving the realization process of transfer of technology in Indonesia. Article 20 states: (1). “The patent holder is obligated to manufacture the product or use the process in Indonesia.” (2). Making the product or using the process referred to in paragraph (1) shall support the transfer of technology, the absorption of investment and / or the provision of employment.”Meanwhile, Article 132 paragraph (1) letter e and (4) of Law no. 13 of 2016 states: “(1). The abolishment of a patent based on a court decision as referred to in Article 130 letter b is performed if: … e. the patent holder violates the provisions referred to in Article 20.” While the paragraph (4) rules that The lawsuit for deletion as referred to in paragraph (1) letter d and e is filed by a prosecutor or other party representing the national interest to the patent holder or licensee shall be obliged to the Commercial Court.

On the basis of the provisions of Article 20 and Article 132, the commitment and the government’s willingness for the transfer of technology in Indonesia has been expressed very strong and progressive. Perhaps it can be seen from the substance of the articles that link patent provisions and transfer of technology, which the articles do not encourage the obligation of transfer of technology, but the impulse is also accompanied by the threat of sanctions to the parties who have no political will to do transfer of technology. The sanction given is not half-hearted which is the removal of the patent itself as a form of control over the exclusivity of the invention held by the patent holder.

 

Idealization of Government Attitudes

The presence of government breakthrough to push transfer of technology through adoption of its policy in Article 20 and Article 132 Law No. 13 Year 2016 apparently has caused a pro and contra reaction. The reaction have been counterproductive especially from the patent holders from abroad who in fact were the investor. This counter-foreign attitude has not only been done by investors but also involved their leaders. The reason was that the provisions of Article 20 and Article 132 of Law no. 13 Year 2016 is considered as an obstacle to the investment they have, are and will do.

With the persistence of foreign pressure to the government concerning the provisions of Article 20 and Article 132 of Law no. 13 Year 2016, the government seems to experience “chaos” commitment. This disorder can be seen that the government has responded the foreign pressure at the beginning by planning the drafting of Government Regulation (RPP). However, along with the development of time, the the plan has been shifted into a plan to amend Article 20 and Article 132 Law no. 13 of 2016.

The government attitude as explained above seems to be very apprehensive. The the government indeed should have independence in policy making, nevertheless it is shaken by the insistence of foreign parties because it is considered to inhibit their investment. Supposedly, if the government is objective, then before making amendments to Article 20 and Article 132, it is appropriate to do two things; First, the government must have objective and valid data related to transfer of technology in Indonesia. This data may be requested by the government to parties who have been considered to master of the technology, especially from foreign parties; Secondly, the government should be able to request a transfer of technology from technology rulers who can promote the competitiveness of the Indonesian nation.

 

                                              Prof. Dr. Budi Agus Riswandi, S.H., M.Hum.

                                                Director of Intellectual Property Rights Center

Faculty of Law UII Yogyakarta

 

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Intermediary Institute for Intellectual Property Rights and Creative Economy

The creative economy is become the government’s concern. This is happen because several reasons, first, the creative economy is expected to be able to absorb labor. In 2007 employment reached 5.4 million workers with a participation rate of 5.8%, second, the creative economy is expected to be able to encourage the development of economic. The average contribution GDP (Gross Product Domestic) of Creative Industries in 2002-2006 based on constant prices on 2000 was IDR 104.6 Trillion Rupiah, which is 6.3% of the total value of National GDP, and thirdly, now the government has also formed a special ministry called the Ministry of Finance. tourism and creative economy.

However, the positive implications of developing the creative economy are not yet optimal. This is due to several problems encountered. One of them relates to the issue of protecting intellectual property rights (IPR). The question is, why the problem of protecting intellectual property rights for the development of the creative economy and how to overcome these problems, so that IPR protection can be realized?

IPR Protection in Creative Economy Practices

Regarding the IPR protection in the practice of the creative economy, there are three realities that can be found. These realities are 1) the reality of IPR protection related to the development of creative and innovative products; 2). The reality of IPR protection related to the IPR registration system, and 3). The reality of IPR protection is related to the enforcement of IPR law.

The reality of IPR protection related to the development of creative and innovative products. A product that can be given IPR protection, then the product must be creative and innovative. A product can be said as creative and innovative in the IPR perspective, it should be able to meet the criteria of each IPR regime. For copyright, a product is said to be creative and innovative if it meets the criteria for originality, fixation and creativity, for a patent, a product is said to be creative and innovative if the product meets the criteria for novelty, inventive steps and can be applied in industrial activities, for industrial design, the criteria are must be new and not the same as previous disclosures, and for trade secrets the criteria that must be met are efforts to keep information of economic value from being known to the public. Now, by looking at these criteria, it is clear that the product requested by IPR should be creative and innovative. But unfortunately, at this time there are still creative economy actors who do not pay attention to these criteria. As a result, existing products are not new and even are imitations/pirates of those that already exist.

The reality of IPR protection related to the IPR registration system is in the form of a registration procedure that is considered complicated, expensive and time-consuming which tends to be uncertain, so that it is not registered. This of course weakens legal protection and has implications for the non-protection of creative economy products. Another reality of IPR protection relates to the enforcement of IPR law. Up to now, IPR law enforcement is still considered selective and lacks proper and professional handling. The lack of law enforcement officers who have a good understanding of IPR is also a real reality in the enforcement of IPR law. As a result, creative economy products that have registered IPR cannot be protected immediately, even though the legal process that should have been carried out has been carried out.

IPR Intermediary Institution

Observing the reality regarding lack of IPR protection for creative economy products, a solution should be sought. Based on author’s opinion, the solution that can be taken at this time in order to increase the effectiveness of IPR protection for creative economy products is through the establishment of an IPR intermediary institution between creative economy actors and the Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia, where this institution is independent and exists. under the District Head and able to work professionally. This institution also has a function as an institution of assistance, facilitation and advocacy.

The function of this institution as an assistance institution is related to providing assistance to creative economy actors to constantly search for information on plans for making products. Assistance will be carried out by professional technical personnel in their field. The information search itself is carried out to answer whether the product to be made is original or new? Or vice versa. If this can be done, then the opportunity for creative economy products to be protected will be great. In line with this, this institution will also provide understanding to creative economy actors not to divulge information related to their newly made products, if legal protection has not been carried out. With this function, IPR protection related to creative and innovative products can be carried out from the beginning before the product is registered.

Another function of this institution as a facilitation institution, this is related to the IPR registration process. As a facilitation institution for IPR registration, certainly there will be available technical personnel for IPR management who are truly professional. These technical personnel are from the fields of engineering, arts, information technology and law/IPR consultants. With the availability of technical personnel like this, the services in the management of IPR will be carried out effectively. Not only  at the filing stage, such as; making patent drafting, design drafting, making legal documents (statements, filling out forms) but also the registration process at the Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights, Ministry of Law and Human Rights, such as filing for registration, filing an opposition or filing an appeal to the trademark appeal commission. Operational costs for IPR management can also be regulated in such a way by local governments, so that the possibility of unreasonable IPR processing costs can be avoided. With this professional handling of IPR management and reasonable operational costs, IPR protection through IPR registration can be implemented.

The other function of this institution is as an advocacy agency. For supporting this institution to be able to play its function as an advocacy agency, this institution will also have advocates/lawyer who not only understand the procedures for legal practice in general, but also understand the procedures for practicing IPR law. Through this institution that has an advocacy function and is supported by professional advocates, if there are creative economic products that are violated by their IPR, then advocacy can be carried out properly and hopefully the protection of IPR can be realized.

In the end, it can be understood that IPR protection actually has a broad meaning. Actually, IPR protection is not only done through registration, but it should have started from the beginning of making creative and innovative products until they are marketed. With the establishment of an IPR intermediary institution, it is hoped that broad IPR protection can be realized, so that the creative economy can develop properly.

Wallahu’alam bis Shawab.

Prof. Dr. Budi Agus Riswandi, S.H., M.Hum.

                                                Executive Director of Intellectual Property Rights Center

Faculty of Law UII Yogyakarta

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IPR Policy for Creative City

 

Lot of hope are raised for the sector of creative economy in encouraging economic growth and prospering society at this time. Moreover, when the crisis storm hit several countries such as Europe and the United States. Expectations for the increasing role of the creative economy sector, certainly it is not enough just a one-sided action from creative economic actors, but this must also be supported by real policies and implementation from the government for the interests of the creative economy. One of the policies and implementations that are currently very important and strategic in encouraging the role of the creative economy in economic growth and community welfare is strengthening policies and the application of creative economic intellectual property rights in creative cities (Creative City).

 

IPR Policy

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) which have been considered from a legal perspective as rights, in an economic perspective IPR can be defined as assets, especially intangible assets. Based on legal perspective of IPR, then the development of policy and implementation of IPRs carried out by the Central Government through the Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights at the Ministry of Law and Human Rights, is very logical. However, when IPR is interpreted as an intangible asset, then the development of IPR policies by the Central Government alone is not enough. IPR policy support made by Creative City is another part that must be strengthened.

In practice, IPR policies developed in the context of the creative economy as intangible assets are still being carried out centrally by the central government. IPR policy seems to be only a central matter, while Creative City has no business in this area. As a result, various IPR problems arise in reality. Some of the IPR issues that can be identified are; First, the weakness of Creative City in educating IPR. There is often overlap in the delivery of IPR materials by government agencies, both central and Creative City, which is a clear example; Second, the lack of ownership  documentation of IPR assets by Creative City; Third, the weakness of technical staff of Creative City in facilitating the management of intellectual property rights originating from creative economy actors; Fourth, the absence of Creative City’s real assistance in resolving cases of IPR violations experienced by creative economy actors; and Fifth, the lack of IPR assets that are promoted and commercialized with the help of the active role of Creative City.

Based on the various problems above, a further consequence is the weak role of the creative economy to encourage economic growth and improve the welfare of the people in Creative City.

 

IPR Policy for Creative City

After seeing the consequences of centralized IPR policies by the Central and causing problems in practice, it is time for IPR policies to be carried out by synergizing IPR policies at the Center and Creative City. Specifically, in terms of IPR policies in Creative City, it should be oriented within the framework of managing IPR assets from creative economy products in the context of increasing economic growth and community welfare in creative cities not on granting rights.

The opportunities to implement IPR asset management policies for creative economy products in Creative City as referred to above are actually legally possible. This can be seen at least in Law no. 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government. According to the provisions of Law no. 32/2004 it is stated that in implementing autonomy, regions have the right to manage regional assets. Then in the law it is also stated that in implementing autonomy, regions have the obligation to improve the quality of people’s lives; and develop productive resources in the region.

In other reason besides of legal reasons for making IPR asset management policies in Creative City, sociologically the need for IPR asset management policies cannot be avoided. Until today, the reality is that the creative economy products in Creative City are generally felt to have not accommodated the need for IPR protection and benefit from IPR itself.

There are three things that should become a concern of the IPR asset management policy from creative economy products, consist of; First, IPR asset management policies must be able to encourage the process of creating innovative creative economy products, Second, IPR asset management policies made must be able to facilitate documentation, registration and advocacy on IPR assets from creative economy products, so that IPR assets from economic products creative economy can be protected, and Third, the policy for managing IPR assets must be able to encourage promotion and commercialization of IPR assets from creative economy products.

In other side, the IPR management policy which includes the three things above, these three things should also be synergized each other, thus forming a system for managing IPR assets from the creative economy at Creative City. In the end, through the making of IPR asset management policies from creative economy products in Creative City, efforts to utilize IPR assets as a strategy to increase economic growth and community welfare can be realized.

 

Prof. Dr. Budi Agus Riswandi, S.H., M.Hum.

                                                Director of Intellectual Property Rights Center

Faculty of Law UII Yogyakarta

 

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Indonesian and Software Illegal

Based on research by the Business Software Alliance (BSA) and Ipsos Public Affairs, Indonesia is ranked seventh in the use of illegal software from 32 countries in the world. This reality is considered by some to be not surprising (Indonesia is imaged as a country that has many copyright infringement). However, it is realized base on this information, it shows that the Indonesian society in terms of the awareness  regarding copyright protection are still very weak. Then, what should the government due to solved this problem?

Root of the problem

Based on seventh ranked of Indonesia position in the use of illegal software showing that the root cause of copyright infringement has not been resolved. What exactly is the root of the problem, so that software copyright infringement in Indonesia is still high?

Actually, if we want to examine in depth the root cause of the high level of copyright infringement on this software, it is based on the the lack of a good culture of recognizing, respecting and protecting copyrights. Based on the root of this problem, if it is derived, it can be identified several derivative problems that cause a good copyright culture has not yet been formed, consist of; First, the ineffectiveness of IPR education; Second, there is an ineffective copyright policy; Second, limited human resources and weak professionalism of law enforcement officers in dealing with software copyright infringement; and Third, there are still sporadic and selective actions in the enforcement of copyright law.

The practice of IPR education is not effective, it can be evidenced by the existence of IPR education which tends to be sectoral and partial, and does not hit the target. In the context of formal education, IPR education seems to still be focused on the legal field, while other fields have not been optimized. On the other hand, in the context of informal education, IPR education is more likely to be carried out using a copy-paste system and the delivery of IPR materials tends to be repeated.

Furthermore, in the context of the second root causes, nowadays the government in an effort to minimize IPR infringement (copyright) has made a policy in the form of forming a National Team for Combating IPR Violations. This team was formed based on Presidential Decree Number. 4 of 2006. However, from the membership of the team, it can be seen that the members involved are mostly state officials who incidentally do not have time to carry out team duties. As a result, in its implementation, this policy seems ineffective.

The weakness of law enforcement officers in the field of intellectual property rights is the next derivative problem from the lack of a good copyright culture. In fact, it was found that law enforcement officers who handled cases of IPR infringement were unable to distinguish between the cases being categorized as copyright or patent infringement.

This derivative problem is further exacerbated by the presence of other derivative problems in the form of sporadic actions and selective slashing in the enforcement of copyright law. As a result, there is a perception in society that the government especially law enforcers doesn’t have any seriousness in enforcing copyright law.

Based on this issues, so that at this time Indonesia has not been able to reduce drastically against acts of software copyright infringement and must remain in a high position for software copyright infringement.

Attitude and Effort

Based on the awareness of the root causes which is still existing and high level of software copyright infringement, so that the government should take responsive and more serious actions. The real form must be shown by real efforts to reduce the level of software copyright infringement. Some of the efforts that the government can take for this are:

First, review and improve the education system and awareness of copyright (IPR) to the public. Copyright (HKI) which was originally only given to the law faculty, now is the time to give it to other faculties. Even if it is possible, copyright (IPR) can also be granted to lower levels of education (read: Primary School, JHS, and SHS). Socialization activities are more intensified and carried out in a more planned manner.

Second, reviewing every policy in the context of overcoming copyright infringement (IPR). This study certainly must arrive at a real discovery of the problem of ineffective policies. The government must be firm and bold to improve its policies. In addition, a policy of overcoming IPR infringement (copyright) that can reach IPR (copyright) violations in the regions should be made immediately.

Third, improve copyright law enforcement methods into systemic and consistent law enforcement. In this case, the government must consistently increase the number and professionalism of law enforcement officers. In addition, it is also important to have a form of reward for law enforcers who professionally enforce copyright law while being able to create a sense of substantive justice to the community.

In the end, through responsiveness and government efforts, it is hoped that in the future software copyright infringement by the Indonesian people will drastically decrease and this will also mark the creation of a good copyright culture.

Prof. Dr. Budi Agus Riswandi, S.H., M.Hum.

                                                Director of Intellectual Property Rights Center

Faculty of Law UII Yogyakarta