Asset Recovery and Mutual Legal Assistance in The Perspective of Criminal Law in Indonesia

Hanafi Amrani, S.H., M.H., LL.M., Ph.D.

Universitas Islam Indonesia

Lihat

A consensus has been reached that corruption is universal. It exists in all countries, both developed and developing, in the public and private sectors, as well as in non-profit and charitable organizations. Article 3 of the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) qualifies corruption as a crime that can transcend national borders. The problem of corruption as a transnational crime has been going on for a long time and is believed to have affected various aspects, two of which are Asset Recovery and Mutual Legal Assistence (MLA). The commitment of the international community to tackle these two subsequent problems is through the establishment of United Nation Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) in 2003. However, these two issues have not been resolved in Indonesia. During the period of 2001-2012, from 704 identified assets, only 22 were successfully recovered. In total, Indonesia only managed to recover USD 3 billion from a potential USD 554,89 billion allegedly stolen. One of the reasons is because MLA can not be carried out directly by law enforcement officials, but by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights as Central Authority (CA). Additionally, MLA is often hampered by the dual criminality principle. Indonesia has sparsely success rates in repatriating stolen assets, partly due to several challenges posed by different legal systems and legal traditions; weak of capacity of law enforcement agencies and other relevant agencies to carry out the work; lack of resources and trained personnel to handle the asset recovery and mutual legal assistance; the complexity of the asset recovery process; and low interest in countries where assets are located.

Keyword : corruption, crime, asset recovery, mutual legal assistence

Daftar Pustaka

Books

Badrulzaman, Mariam Darus, KUH Perdata Buku III Hukum Perikatan Dengan Penjelasan,
Alumni, Bandung, 1996.
Cornils, “The Use of Foreign Law in D omestic Adjudication” in Jareborg (ed) Double
Criminality. Studies in International Criminal Law, 1989.
Jareborg, Nils, Double Criminality: Studies in International Criminal Law, Iustus, Uppsala,
1989.
Metokusumo, Sudikno, Sejarah Peradilan Dan Perundang-Undangan Di Indonesia Sejak Tahun
1942 Dan Apakah Kemanfaatannya Bagi Kita Bangsa Indonesia, PT. Raja Grafindo
Persada, Jakarta, 2005.
Van den Wyngaert, “Double Criminality as a Requirement to Jurisdiction” in Jareborg (ed)
Double Criminality. Studies in International Criminal Law (1989).
Vettori, Barbara, Tough on Criminal Weakth Exploring the Practice of Proceeds from Crime
Confiscation in the EU, Springer, Doordrecht, 2006.
Yusuf, Muhammad, Merampas Aset Koruptor, Kompas Media Nusantara, Jakarta, 2013.
Zulfa, Eva Achjani, Gugurnya Hak Menuntut, Ghalia Indonesia, Bogor, 2010.

Research Report

Disriani Latifah Soroinda, et al, “Mekanisme Pengembalian Kerugian Negara Dalam
Perkara Korupsi Melalui Gugatan Perdata,” Hasil Penelitian yang disampaikan
pada Konferensi Nasional Hukum dan Politik 2011 Fakultas Hukum Universitas
Indonesia, 27 Oktober 2011.
Tim Kemitraan Partnership, Laporan Kegiatan Studi Komparatif tentang Praktik-Praktik
Pemulihan Aset Internasional, 2018.
Tim Kemitraan, Kajian Upaya Pemulihan Aset dari Tindak Kejahatan di Indonesia, Jakarta,
Kemitraan, 2019.
Tim Kemitraan, Kertas Kebijakan: Harmonisasi Regulasi Pemulihan Aset dan Bantuan Hukum
Timbal Balik dalam Masalah Pidana, Kemitraan, Jakarta, 2018.

Papers

Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi dan Kementerian Luar Negeri RI, Komitmen Indonesia Pada
United Nations Convention Againts Corruption (UNCAC) dan G20 Anti-Corruption
Working Group (ACWG) Tahun 2012-2018.
Henny Marlyna, et al, “Pengembalian Aset Korupsi Melalui Instrumen Hukum Perdata”,
Makalah disampaikan pada Konferensi Nasional Hukum dan Politik 2011 di
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 27 Oktober 2011.

Journal

Bureni, Imelda F.K., “Kekosongan Hukum Perampasan Aset Tanpa Pemidanaan Dalam
Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Korupsi”, Masalah-Masalah Hukum, Vol. 45 No.
4, 2016.
Fekete, Balazs, “Recent Trends in Extraterritorial Jurisdiction-The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and
Implications on Sovereignty”, Acta Juridica Hungarica, Vol. 49 No.4, 2008.
Qisa’i, Ahmad, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Challenges of Policy Reform
on Asset Recovery in Indonesia, Indonesian Journal of International Law, Vol. 17
No. 2, 2020.
U Myint, “Corruption: Causes, Consequences And Cures”, Asia-Pacific Development Journal,
Vol. 7 No. 2, December 2000.
Yusuf, Muhammad, “Implementasi dan Pengaturan illicit Enrichment dalam Delik
Korupsi”, Slide disampaikan dalam National Workshop Kajian Penerapan UNCAC
di Indonesia- Implementasi dan Pengaturan Illicit Encrichment dalam Delik
Korupsi, Jakarta, 18 Februari 2014.

Laws

Indonesia, Law Number 1 of 2006 on Mutual Legal Assistence.
The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 2003
United Nation on Transnational Organized Crime 2000.

Internet

https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/indonesia on June 1, 2021.
United Nation. Implementation Review Mechanism.
https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/corruption/implementation-reviewmechanism.
html