Pengembangan Model Tanggung Jawab Lingkungan Berdasarkan Prinsip Pencemar Membayar Dalam Kasus Kebakaran Hutan Dan Lahan

Siti Ruhama Mardhatillah, S.H., M.H.

Universitas Islam Indonesia

Lihat

Forest and land fire is an annual arising case in Indonesia. However, there are a few evaluations about the existing liabilitymodels, especially on the guarantee of compensation for both victims and environmental losses. This research evaluates the mechanism and the legal instruments used to address the forest and land fires and examines their ability to provide compensation. This research also offers some alternatives to develop environmental liability models by looking at the global trends of environmental liability in both developed and developing countries. It is normative legal research, using secondary data collected through library research. Data collected were then analyzed by using conceptual and statutory approaches. The results show that the existing environmental liability models in the cases of forest and land fires have not covered all losses since they rely only on the files sued by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, which enables only for environmental recovery, but not for the victims (economics, trades, health). They also have no mechanisms of counting, possibility, and compensation for the long-tail risks. Therefore, this research proposes some alternatives to develop the liability models, such as: imposing environmental insurance, combining the polluter-pays principle and government-pays principle, and creating a system of environmental rehabilitation funds.

Key words: Environmental liability, forest and land fire, polluter-pays principle.

Abstrak

Kebakaran hutan dan lahan (karhutla) terjadi di Indonesia hampir setiap tahun. Meskipun demikian, belumbanyak terdapat evaluasi mekanisme tanggung jawab lingkungan yang saat ini tersedia khususnya padajaminan ganti kerugian, baik bagi lingkungan yang rusak atau tercemar dan bagi kerugian individu. Penelitianini mencoba mengevaluasi mekanisme dan instrumen hukum yang digunakan selama ini dalam menyelesaikan kasus-kasus kebakaran hutan dan lahan serta sejauh mana mekanisme dan instrumen hukum tersebut dapatmenyediakan ganti kerugian. Selain itu penelitian ini juga mencoba menawarkan beberapa alternatif pengembangan model tanggung jawab lingkungan dengan melihat perkembangan yang terjadi di negara maju
dan negara berkembang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis-normatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui kajian kepustakaan. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan yaitu pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model tanggung jawab lingkungan dalam kasus kebakaran hutan dan lahan yang saat ini tersedia belum dapat mengcover seluruh kerugian yang ditimbulkan dari karhutla karena hanya mengandalkan gugatan Pemerintah Pusat (KLHK) di mana hanya dapat menggugat ganti rugi pemulihan lingkungan dan tidak termasuk ganti kerugian ekonomi dan kesehatan. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini mengusulkan alternatif pengembangan model tanggung jawab lingkungan pada kasus karhutla antara lain: pemberlakuan asuransi lingkungan, menggabungkan penerapan polluter-pays principle dengan government-pays principle, dan pendirian sistem dana pemulihan lingkungan.

Kata kunci: Tanggung jawab lingkungan, kebakaran hutan dan lahan, prinsip pencemar membayar.

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